Direct Access for Patients to Diagnostic Testing and Results Using eHealth: Systematic Review on eHealth and Diagnostics (Preprint)

Abstract

BACKGROUND The number of people with chronic diseases and the subsequent pressure on health care is increasing. eHealth technology for diagnostic testing can contribute to more efficient health care and lower workload. OBJECTIVE This systematic review examines the available methods for direct web-based access for patients to diagnostic testing and results in the absence of a health care professional in primary care. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, Emcare, and Academic Search Premier databases in August 2019 and updated in July 2021. The included studies focused on direct patient access to web-based triage leading to diagnostic testing, self-sampling or testing, or web-based communication of test results. A total of 45 studies were included. The quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS Most studies had a quantitative descriptive design and discussed a combination of services. Diagnostic test services mainly focused on sexually transmitted infections. Overall, the use was high for web-based triage (3046/5000, >50%, who used a triage booked a test), for self-sampling or self-testing kits (83%), and the result service (85%). The acceptability of the test services was high, with 81% preferring home-based testing over clinic-based testing. There was a high rate of follow-up testing or treatment after a positive test (93%). CONCLUSIONS The results show that direct access to testing and result services had high use rates, was positively evaluated, and led to high rates of follow-up treatment. More research on cost-effectiveness is needed to determine the potential for other diseases. Direct access to diagnostic testing can lower the threshold for testing in users, potentially increase efficiency, and lower the workload in primary care. CLINICALTRIAL

Authors 4

1. Anke Versluis Aachen Department of Public Health and Primary Care National eHealth Living Lab

   Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

   National eHealth Living Lab, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

2. Kyma Schnoor corresponding Aachen Department of Public Health and Primary Care National eHealth Living Lab

   Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

   National eHealth Living Lab, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

   Saltro Diagnostic Center, Utrecht, Netherlands

3. Niels Henrik Chavannes Aachen Department of Public Health and Primary Care National eHealth Living Lab

   Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

   National eHealth Living Lab, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

4. Esther P. W. A. Talboom-Kamp Aachen Department of Public Health and Primary Care National eHealth Living Lab

   Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

   National eHealth Living Lab, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

   Saltro Diagnostic Center, Utrecht, Netherlands