Benchmarking LHC background particle simulation with the CMS triple-GEM detector

Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 16, pp. P12026

Abstract

Abstract In 2018, a system of large-size triple-GEM demonstrator chambers was installed in the CMS experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The demonstrator's design mimicks that of the final detector, installed for Run-3. A successful Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the collision-induced background hit rate in this system in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV is presented. The MC predictions are compared to CMS measurements recorded at an instantaneous luminosity of 1.5 ×1034 cm-2 s-1. The simulation framework uses a combination of the FLUKA and GEANT4 packages. FLUKA simulates the radiation environment around the GE1/1 chambers. The particle flux by FLUKA covers energy spectra ranging from 10-11 to 104 MeV for neutrons, 10-3 to 104 MeV for γ's, 10-2 to 104 MeV for e±, and 10-1 to 104 MeV for charged hadrons. GEANT4 provides an estimate of the detector response (sensitivity) based on an accurate description of the detector geometry, the material composition, and the interaction of particles with the detector layers. The detector hit rate, as obtained from the simulation using FLUKA and GEANT4, is estimated as a function of the perpendicular distance from the beam line and agrees with data within the assigned uncertainties in the range 13.7-14.5%. This simulation framework can be used to obtain a reliable estimate of the background rates expected at the High Luminosity LHC.

Authors 98

1. M. Abbas

   Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

2. M. Abbrescia

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · Polytechnic University of Bari

   Affiliation as printed

   Politecnico di Bari, Università di Bari and INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

3. H. Abdalla

   Cairo University · Academy of Scientific Research and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Academy of Scientific Research and Technology — ENHEP, Cairo, Egypt

   Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

4. A. A. Abdelalim

   Academy of Scientific Research and Technology · Zewail City of Science and Technology · Helwan University

   Affiliation as printed

   Academy of Scientific Research and Technology — ENHEP, Cairo, Egypt

   Helwan University, also at Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt

5. S. AbuZeid

   Ain Shams University · Academy of Scientific Research and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Academy of Scientific Research and Technology — ENHEP, Cairo, Egypt

   Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

6. A. Agapitos

   Peking University

   Affiliation as printed

   Peking University, Beijing, China

7. Ashfaq Ahmad

   Abdus Salam Centre for Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan

8. A. Ahmed

   University of Delhi

   Affiliation as printed

   Delhi University, Delhi, India

9. C. Aimè

   University of Pavia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia

   Affiliation as printed

   Università di Pavia and INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

10. C. Aruta

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · Polytechnic University of Bari

    Affiliation as printed

    Politecnico di Bari, Università di Bari and INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

11. Paul Aspell

    European Organization for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

12. C. Ávila

    Universidad de Los Andes

    Affiliation as printed

    University de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia

13. I. Azhgirey

    Kurchatov Institute · Institute for High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for High Energy Physics of NRC Kurchatov Institute, Protvino, Russia

14. J. Babbar

    Panjab University

    Affiliation as printed

    Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

15. Y. Ban

    Peking University

    Affiliation as printed

    Peking University, Beijing, China

16. Reyer Band

    University of California, Davis

    Affiliation as printed

    University of California, Davis, Davis, U.S.A

17. S. Bansal

    Panjab University

    Affiliation as printed

    Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

18. L. Benussi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN, Frascati, Italy

19. V. Bhatnagar

    Panjab University

    Affiliation as printed

    Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

20. M. Bianco

    European Organization for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

21. S. Bianco

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN, Frascati, Italy

22. K. Black

    University of Wisconsin–Madison

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A

23. L. Borgonovi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Bologna and INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

24. O. Bouhali

    Texas A&M University

    Affiliation as printed

    Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A

25. Davide Bozzato

    European Organization for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

26. A. Braghieri

    University of Pavia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Pavia and INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

27. S. Braibant

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Bologna and INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

28. S. Butalla

    Florida Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, U.S.A

29. S. Calzaferri

    University of Pavia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Pavia and INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

30. M. Caponero

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN, Frascati, Italy

31. F. Cassese

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Napoli and INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

32. A. Castaneda

    Universidad de Sonora

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico

33. N. Cavallo

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Napoli and INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

34. S.S. Chauhan corresponding

    Panjab University

    Affiliation as printed

    Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

35. Anna Colaleo

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · Polytechnic University of Bari

    Affiliation as printed

    Politecnico di Bari, Università di Bari and INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

36. A. Conde Garcia

    European Organization for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

37. M. Dalchenko

    Texas A&M University

    Affiliation as printed

    Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A

38. Agostino De Iorio

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Napoli and INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

39. G. De Lentdecker

    Université Libre de Bruxelles

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium

40. D. Dell Olio

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · Polytechnic University of Bari

    Affiliation as printed

    Politecnico di Bari, Università di Bari and INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

41. G. De Robertis

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · Polytechnic University of Bari

    Affiliation as printed

    Politecnico di Bari, Università di Bari and INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

42. W. G. D. Dharmaratna

    University of Ruhuna

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka

43. S. Dildick

    Texas A&M University

    Affiliation as printed

    Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A

44. B. Dorney

    Université Libre de Bruxelles

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium

45. R. Erbacher

    University of California, Davis

    Affiliation as printed

    University of California, Davis, Davis, U.S.A

46. F. Fabozzi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Napoli and INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

47. F. Fallavollita

    European Organization for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

48. A. Ferraro

    University of Pavia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Pavia and INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

49. D. Fiorina

    University of Pavia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Pavia and INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

50. E. Fontanesi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Bologna and INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

51. M. Franco

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · Polytechnic University of Bari

    Affiliation as printed

    Politecnico di Bari, Università di Bari and INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

52. C. Galloni

    University of Wisconsin–Madison

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A

53. David Gancarcik

    European Organization for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

54. P. Giacomelli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Bologna and INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

55. S. Gigli

    University of Pavia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Pavia and INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

56. J. Gilmore

    Texas A&M University

    Affiliation as printed

    Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A

57. M. Gola

    University of Delhi

    Affiliation as printed

    Delhi University, Delhi, India

58. M. Gruchala

    European Organization for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

59. A. Gutierrez

    Wayne State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Wayne State University, Detroit, U.S.A

60. Roumyana Mileva HADJIISKA

    Bulgarian Academy of Sciences · Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

61. T. Hakkarainen

    Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland

62. J. Hauser

    University of California, Los Angeles

    Affiliation as printed

    University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A

63. K. Höepfner Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut A

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany

64. M. Hohlmann

    Florida Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, U.S.A

65. H. R. Hoorani

    Abdus Salam Centre for Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan

66. Tao Huang

    Texas A&M University

    Affiliation as printed

    Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A

67. P. Iaydjiev

    Bulgarian Academy of Sciences · Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

68. A. Irshad

    Université Libre de Bruxelles

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium

69. Alberto Orso Maria Iorio

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Napoli and INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

70. Francesco Ivone Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut A

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany

71. W. Jang

    University of Seoul

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

72. J. Jaramillo

    Universidad de Antioquia

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia

73. Vishwajeet Jha

    Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India

74. Andrius Juodagalvis

    Vilnius University

    Affiliation as printed

    Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

75. E. Juska

    Texas A&M University

    Affiliation as printed

    Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A

76. B. Kailasapathy

    Eastern University, Sri Lanka · University of Colombo

    Affiliation as printed

    Trincomalee Campus, Eastern University, Sri Lanka, Nilaveli, Sri Lanka

    University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

77. T. Kamon

    Texas A&M University

    Affiliation as printed

    Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A

78. Y. Kang

    University of Seoul

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

79. Paul Edmund Karchin

    Wayne State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Wayne State University, Detroit, U.S.A

80. A. Kaur

    Panjab University

    Affiliation as printed

    Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

81. H. Kaur

    Panjab University

    Affiliation as printed

    Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

82. H. Keller Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut A

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany

83. H. Kim

    Texas A&M University

    Affiliation as printed

    Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A

84. J. Kim

    Seoul National University

    Affiliation as printed

    Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

85. S. Kim

    University of Seoul

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

86. Byeonghak Ko

    University of Seoul

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

87. A. Kumar

    University of Delhi

    Affiliation as printed

    Delhi University, Delhi, India

88. S. Kumar

    Panjab University

    Affiliation as printed

    Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

89. H. Kumawat

    Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India

90. I. Kurochkin

    Kurchatov Institute · Institute for High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for High Energy Physics of NRC Kurchatov Institute, Protvino, Russia

91. N. Lacalamita

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · Polytechnic University of Bari

    Affiliation as printed

    Politecnico di Bari, Università di Bari and INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

92. J. S. H. Lee

    University of Seoul

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

93. A. Levin

    Peking University

    Affiliation as printed

    Peking University, Beijing, China

94. Q. T. Li

    Peking University

    Affiliation as printed

    Peking University, Beijing, China

95. F. Licciulli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · Polytechnic University of Bari

    Affiliation as printed

    Politecnico di Bari, Università di Bari and INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

96. L. Lista

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Napoli and INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

97. Kalpanie Liyanage

    University of Ruhuna

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka

98. F. Loddo

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · Polytechnic University of Bari

    Affiliation as printed

    Politecnico di Bari, Università di Bari and INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy