Differences in bacterial colonization and mucosal responses between high and low SES children in Indonesia

medRxiv

Abstract

Abstract BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carriage of pathogenic bacteria precedes invasive disease and higher rates are found in low socioeconomic-status (SES) settings. Local immune responses are important for controlling colonization, but whether SES affects these responses is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE Examining bacterial colonization and cytokine response in nasal mucosa of children from high and low SES. METHODS Twenty-five cytokines were measured in nasal fluid. qPCR was performed to determine carriage and density of Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), Moraxella catarrhalis (M. catarrhalis) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). RESULTS The densities of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were increased in low compared to the high SES ( p =0.006, p =0.026), with respectively 6 and 67 times higher median densities. Densities of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were positively associated with levels of IL-1beta ( p =0.002, p =0.008) and IL-6 ( p <0.001, p =0.006). After correcting for bacterial density, IL-6 levels were increased in colonized children from high compared to low SES for both H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae (both p =0.039). CONCLUSION Increased density of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae was observed in low SES children, while IL-6 levels associated with colonization were reduced in these children, indicating that immune responses to bacterial colonization were altered by SES.

Authors 8

1. Marloes M.A.R. van Dorst Aachen Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center

   Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

2. Shohreh Azimi Aachen Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center

   Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

3. Sitti Wahyuni

   Hasanuddin University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

4. Aldian Irma Amaruddin Aachen Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center

   Leiden University Medical Center · Hasanuddin University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

   Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

5. Erliyani Sartono Aachen Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center

   Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

6. Linda J. Wammes Aachen Department of Medical Microbiology

   Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

7. Maria Yazdanbakhsh Aachen Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center

   Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

8. Simon P. Jochems corresponding Aachen Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center

   Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands