Radioactivity control strategy for the JUNO detector

Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2021

Abstract

Abstract JUNO is a massive liquid scintillator detector with a primary scientific goal of determining the neutrino mass ordering by studying the oscillated anti-neutrino flux coming from two nuclear power plants at 53 km distance. The expected signal anti-neutrino interaction rate is only 60 counts per day (cpd), therefore a careful control of the background sources due to radioactivity is critical. In particular, natural radioactivity present in all materials and in the environment represents a serious issue that could impair the sensitivity of the experiment if appropriate countermeasures were not foreseen. In this paper we discuss the background reduction strategies undertaken by the JUNO collaboration to reduce at minimum the impact of natural radioactivity. We describe our efforts for an optimized experimental design, a careful material screening and accurate detector production handling, and a constant control of the expected results through a meticulous Monte Carlo simulation program. We show that all these actions should allow us to keep the background count rate safely below the target value of 10 Hz (i.e. ∼1 cpd accidental background) in the default fiducial volume, above an energy threshold of 0.7 MeV.

Authors 95

1. A. C. Abusleme Hoffman

   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

   Affiliation as printed

   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

2. S. Ahmad

   Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

3. Rizwan Ahmed

   Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

4. S. Aiello

   University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania, Catania, Italy

5. M. Akram

   Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

6. Fengpeng An

   East China University of Science and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China

7. Qi An

   University of Science and Technology of China · Institute of High Energy Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

   Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

8. Giuseppe Andronico

   University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania, Catania, Italy

9. Н. Анфимов

   Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

   Affiliation as printed

   Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

10. V. Antonelli

    University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano, Milano, Italy

11. Tatiana Antoshkina

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

12. Burin Asavapibhop

    Chulalongkorn University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

13. J. P. A. M. de André

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3, F-67037, Strasbourg, France

14. Didier Auguste

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie

    Affiliation as printed

    IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay, France

15. Andrej Babič

    Comenius University Bratislava

    Affiliation as printed

    Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovakia

16. W. Baldini

    University of Ferrara · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara and INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

17. Andrea Barresi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Milano Bicocca and Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy

18. D. Basilico

    University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano, Milano, Italy

19. E. Baussan

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3, F-67037, Strasbourg, France

20. M. Bellato

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

21. Antonio Bergnoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

22. Thilo Birkenfeld Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut B

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

23. Sylvie Blin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie

    Affiliation as printed

    IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay, France

24. S.C. Blyth

    National Taiwan University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China

25. Anastasia Bolshakova

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

26. M. Bongrand

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associées · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Nantes · Nantes Université

    Affiliation as printed

    SUBATECH, Université de Nantes, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France

27. Clément Bordereau

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · National Taiwan University · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China

    Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170, Gradignan, France

28. D. Breton

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie

    Affiliation as printed

    IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay, France

29. A. Brigatti

    University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano, Milano, Italy

30. R. Brugnera

    University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università di Padova and INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università di Padova and INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

31. Riccardo Bruno

    University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania, Catania, Italy

32. A. Budano

    Roma Tre University · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Roma Tre and INFN Sezione Roma Tre, Roma, Italy

33. Mario Buscemi

    University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania, Catania, Italy

34. José Busto

    Centre de physique des particules de Marseille

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Marseille, France

35. Ilya Butorov

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

36. Hao Cai

    Wuhan University

    Affiliation as printed

    Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

37. Xiao Cai

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

38. Yanke Cai

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

39. Zhiyan Cai

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

40. Antonio Cammi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Milano Bicocca and Politecnico of Milano, Milano, Italy

41. Agustín Campeny

    Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

    Affiliation as printed

    Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

42. Chuanya Cao

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

43. Jun Cao

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

44. Rossella Caruso

    University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell Università di Catania, Catania, Italy

45. Cedric Cerna

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170, Gradignan, France

46. J. F. Chang

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

47. Yun Hsuan Chang

    National United University

    Affiliation as printed

    National United University, Miao-Li, Taiwan, China

48. Pingping Chen

    Dongguan University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China

49. Po-An Chen

    National Taiwan University · Dongguan University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China

    Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China

50. Shaomin Chen

    Tsinghua University

    Affiliation as printed

    Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

51. Xurong Chen

    Chinese Academy of Sciences · Institute of Modern Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China

52. Yiwen Chen

    National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University · North China Electric Power University

    Affiliation as printed

    North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China

    Institute of Physics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, China

53. Yixue Chen

    North China Electric Power University

    Affiliation as printed

    North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China

54. Yu Chen

    North China Electric Power University · Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

55. Zhang Chen

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

56. Jie Cheng

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

57. Yaping Cheng

    Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering

    Affiliation as printed

    Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, Beijing, China

58. Alexey Chetverikov

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

59. D. Chiesa

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Milano Bicocca and Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy

60. P. Chimenti

    Universidade Estadual de Londrina

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil

61. A. Chukanov

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

62. Gérard Claverie

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170, Gradignan, France

63. Catia Clementi

    University of Perugia · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Perugia and Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie dell’Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    INFN Sezione di Perugia and Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie dell'Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy

64. B. Clerbaux

    Université Libre de Bruxelles

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

65. Selma Conforti Di Lorenzo

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170, Gradignan, France

66. Daniele Corti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

67. O. Cremonesi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Milano Bicocca and Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy

68. F. Dal Corso

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

69. Olivia Dalager

    University of California, Irvine

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California, U.S.A

70. Christophe De La Taille

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170, Gradignan, France

71. Jiawei Deng

    Wuhan University

    Affiliation as printed

    Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

72. Zhi Deng

    Institute of High Energy Physics · Tsinghua University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

    Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

73. Wilfried Depnering

    Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany

74. Marco Aurelio Díaz

    Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

    Affiliation as printed

    Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

75. Xuefeng Ding

    University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN Sezione di Milano and Dipartimento di Fisica dell Università di Milano, Milano, Italy

76. Yayun Ding

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

77. Bayu Dirgantara

    Suranaree University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

78. Sergey Dmitrievsky

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

79. Tadeáš Dohnal

    Charles University

    Affiliation as printed

    Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic

80. Dmitry Dolzhikov

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

81. Georgy Donchenko

    Lomonosov Moscow State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

82. J. Dong

    Tsinghua University

    Affiliation as printed

    Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

83. E. Doroshkevich

    Russian Academy of Sciences · Institute for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

84. M. Dracos

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/IN2P3, F-67037, Strasbourg, France

85. F. Druillole

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170, Gradignan, France

86. Shuxian Du

    Zhengzhou University

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    School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

87. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

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    INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

88. Martin Dvořák

    Charles University

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    Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic

89. T. Enqvist

    University of Jyväskylä

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics, Jyvaskyla, Finland

90. Heike Enzmann

    Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany

91. Andrea Fabbri

    Roma Tre University · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Roma Tre and INFN Sezione Roma Tre, Roma, Italy

92. L. Fajt

    Comenius University Bratislava

    Affiliation as printed

    Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovakia

93. Donghua Fan

    Wuyi University

    Affiliation as printed

    Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China

94. Lei Fan

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China

95. Jian Fang

    Institute of High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China