The GUAPOS project
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 653, pp. A129
Abstract
Context. Peptide-like bond molecules, which can take part in the formation of proteins in a primitive Earth environment, have been detected only towards a few hot cores and hot corinos up to now. Aims. We present a study of HNCO, HC(O)NH 2 , CH 3 NCO, CH 3 C(O)NH 2 , CH 3 NHCHO, CH 3 CH 2 NCO, NH 2 C(O)NH 2 , NH 2 C(O)CN, and HOCH 2 C(O)NH 2 towards the hot core G31.41+0.31. The aim of this work is to study these species together to allow a consistent study among them. Methods. We have used the spectrum obtained from the ALMA 3 mm spectral survey GUAPOS, with a spectral resolution of ~0.488 MHz (~1.3–1.7 km s −1 ) and an angular resolution of 1.′′2 × 1.′′2 (~4500 au), to derive column densities of all the molecular species presented in this work, together with 0.′′2 × 0.′′2 (~750 au) ALMA observations from another project to study the morphology of HNCO, HC(O)NH 2 , and CH 3 C(O)NH 2 . Results. We have detected HNCO, HC(O)NH 2 , CH 3 NCO, CH 3 C(O)NH 2 , and CH 3 NHCHO, but no CH 3 CH 2 NCO, NH 2 C(O)NH 2 , NH 2 C(O)CN, or HOCH 2 C(O)NH 2 . This is the first time that these molecules have been detected all together outside the Galactic centre. We have obtained molecular fractional abundances with respect to H 2 from 10 −7 down to a few 10 −9 and abundances with respect to CH 3 OH from 10 −3 to ~4 × 10 −2 , and their emission is found to be compact (~2′′, i.e. ~7500 au). From the comparison with other sources, we find that regions in an earlier stage of evolution, such as pre-stellar cores, show abundances at least two orders of magnitude lower than those in hot cores, hot corinos, or shocked regions. Moreover, molecular abundance ratios towards different sources are found to be consistent between them within ~1 order of magnitude, regardless of the physical properties (e.g. different masses and luminosities), or the source position throughout the Galaxy. Correlations have also been found between HNCO and HC(O)NH 2 as well as CH 3 NCO and HNCO abundances, and for the first time between CH 3 NCO and HC(O)NH 2 , CH 3 C(O)NH 2 and HNCO, and CH 3 C(O)NH 2 and HC(O)NH 2 abundances. These results suggest that all these species are formed on grain surfaces in early evolutionary stages of molecular clouds, and that they are subsequently released back to the gas phase through thermal desorption or shock-triggered desorption.
Authors 15
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · Centro de Astrobiología
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra. de Ajalvir Km. 4, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Florence, Italy
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · Centro de Astrobiología
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra. de Ajalvir Km. 4, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Florence, Italy
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Florence, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Ctra. de Ajalvir Km. 4, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Florence · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-IAPS, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Florence, Italy
Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di fisica e Astronomia, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Florence, Italy
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Florence, Italy
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Florence, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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S. Viti Aachen
Affiliation as printed
University of Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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European Southern Observatory · Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Florence, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Grupo de Espectroscopia Molecular (GEM), Edificio Quifima, Área de Química-Física, Laboratorios de Espectroscopia y Bioespectroscopia, Parque Científico UVa, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Universidad de Valladolid · University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague
Affiliation as printed
Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
Grupo de Espectroscopia Molecular (GEM), Edificio Quifima, Área de Química-Física, Laboratorios de Espectroscopia y Bioespectroscopia, Parque Científico UVa, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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