The TOPGöt high-mass star-forming sample
Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology)
Abstract
Aims. The TOPGöt project studies a sample of 86 high-mass star-forming regions in different evolutionary stages from starless cores to ultra compact HII regions. The aim of the survey is to analyze different molecular species in a statistically significant sample to study the chemical evolution in high-mass star-forming regions, and identify chemical tracers of the different phases. Methods. The sources have been observed with the IRAM 30 m telescope in different spectral windows at 1, 2, and 3 mm. In this first paper, we present the sample and analyze the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the TOPGöt sources to derive physical parameters such as the dust temperature, Tdust, the total column density, NH2, the mass, M, the luminosity, L, and the luminosity-to-mass ratio, L∕M, which is an indicator of the evolutionary stage of the sources. We use the MADCUBA software to analyze the emission of methyl cyanide (CH3CN), a well-known tracer of high-mass star formation. Results. We built the spectral energy distributions for ~80% of the sample and derived Tdust and NH2 values which range between 9−36 K and ~3 × 1021−7 × 1023 cm−2, respectively. The luminosity of the sources spans over four orders of magnitude from 30 to 3 × 105 L⊙, masses vary between ~30 and 8 × 103 M⊙, and the luminosity-to-mass ratio L∕M covers three orders of magnitude from 6 × 10−2 to 3 × 102 L⊙∕M⊙. The emission of the CH3CN(5K-4K) K-transitions has been detected toward 73 sources (85% of the sample), with 12 nondetections and one source not observed in the frequency range of CH3CN(5K-4K). The emission of CH3CN has been detected toward all evolutionary stages, with the mean abundances showing a clear increase of an order of magnitude from high-mass starless cores to later evolutionary stages. We found a conservative abundance upper limit for high-mass starless cores of XCH3CN < 4.0 × 10−11, and a range in abundance of 4.0 × 10−11 < XCH3CN < 7.0 × 10−11 for those sources that are likely high-mass starless cores or very early high-mass protostellar objects. In fact, in this range of abundance we have identified five sources previously not classified as being in a very early evolutionary stage. The abundance of CH3CN can thus be used to identify high-mass star-forming regions in early phases of star-formation.
Authors 12
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · University of Florence · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, INAF, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
I. Physikalisches Institut , Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Str. 77 , 50937 Köln , Germany
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · Centro de Astrobiología · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC , INTA) , Ctra. de Ajalvir , km. 4 , Torrejón de Ardoz , 28850 Madrid , Spain
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC, INTA), Ctra. de Ajalvir, km. 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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Osaka Prefecture University · National Institutes of Natural Sciences · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physical Science , Graduate School of Science , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-1 Gakuen-cho , Naka-ku , Sakai , Osaka 599-8531 , Japan
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , National Institutes of Natural Science , 2-21-1 Osawa , Mitaka , Tokyo 181-8588 , Japan
Department of Physical Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Science, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Affiliation as printed
Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC , Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4 , 7991 PD Dwingeloo , The Netherlands
Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , Postbus 9513 , 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF , Istituto di Radioastronomia , Italian ARC , Via P. Gobetti 101 , Bologna , Italy
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Italian ARC, Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik , Gießenbachstraße 1 , 85748 Garching bei München , Germany
Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Gießenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · Centro de Astrobiología · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC , INTA) , Ctra. de Ajalvir , km. 4 , Torrejón de Ardoz , 28850 Madrid , Spain
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC, INTA), Ctra. de Ajalvir, km. 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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European Southern Observatory · Excellence Cluster Origins
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory (ESO) , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2 , 85748 Garching , Germany
Excellence Cluster Origins , Boltzmannstrasse 2 , 85748 Garching bei München , Germany
European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
Excellence Cluster Origins, Boltzmannstrasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , INAF , Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100 , 00133 Roma , Italy
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, INAF, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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