Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption May Modify Associations Between Genetic Variants in the CHREBP (Carbohydrate Responsive Element Binding Protein) Locus and HDL-C (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) and Triglyceride Concentrations

Circulation Genomic and Precision Medicine, vol. 14, pp. e003288

Abstract

Background: ChREBP (carbohydrate responsive element binding protein) is a transcription factor that responds to sugar consumption. Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and genetic variants in the CHREBP locus have separately been linked to HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and triglyceride concentrations. We hypothesized that SSB consumption would modify the association between genetic variants in the CHREBP locus and dyslipidemia. Methods: Data from 11 cohorts from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium (N=63 599) and the UK Biobank (N=59 220) were used to quantify associations of SSB consumption, genetic variants, and their interaction on HDL-C and triglyceride concentrations using linear regression models. A total of 1606 single nucleotide polymorphisms within or near CHREBP were considered. SSB consumption was estimated from validated questionnaires, and participants were grouped by their estimated intake. Results: In a meta-analysis, rs71556729 was significantly associated with higher HDL-C concentrations only among the highest SSB consumers (β, 2.12 [95% CI, 1.16–3.07] mg/dL per allele; P <0.0001), but not significantly among the lowest SSB consumers ( P =0.81; P Diff <0.0001). Similar results were observed for 2 additional variants (rs35709627 and rs71556736). For triglyceride, rs55673514 was positively associated with triglyceride concentrations only among the highest SSB consumers (β, 0.06 [95% CI, 0.02–0.09] ln-mg/dL per allele, P =0.001) but not the lowest SSB consumers ( P =0.84; P Diff =0.0005). Conclusions: Our results identified genetic variants in the CHREBP locus that may protect against SSB-associated reductions in HDL-C and other variants that may exacerbate SSB-associated increases in triglyceride concentrations. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT00005133, NCT00005121, NCT00005487, and NCT00000479.

Authors 56

1. Danielle E. Haslam

   Tufts University · Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University

   Affiliation as printed

   Channing Division of Network Medicine (D.E.H., J.E.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

   Department of Nutrition (D.E.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA

   Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA

   Danielle E. Haslam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0144-3287 Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA. Channing Division of Network Medicine (D.E.H., J.E.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Department of Nutrition (D.E.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA

2. Gina Marie Peloso

   Boston University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (G.M.P., A.N.P., J.D.)

   Gina M. Peloso Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (G.M.P., A.N.P., J.D.)

3. Mélanie Guirette

   Tufts University

   Affiliation as printed

   Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA

   Melanie Guirette https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8878-2224 Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA

4. Fumiaki Imamura

   University of Cambridge · MRC Epidemiology Unit · Medical Research Council

   Affiliation as printed

   Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)

   Fumiaki Imamura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6841-8396 Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)

5. Traci M. Bartz

   University of Washington

   Affiliation as printed

   Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics (T.M.B.), University of Washington, Seattle

   Department of Medicine (T.M.B., R.N.L., B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle

   Traci M. Bartz Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics (T.M.B.), University of Washington, Seattle. Department of Medicine (T.M.B., R.N.L., B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle

6. Achilleas Pitsillides

   Boston University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (G.M.P., A.N.P., J.D.)

   Achilleas N. Pitsillides https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2658-1566 Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (G.M.P., A.N.P., J.D.)

7. Carol A. Wang

   University of Newcastle Australia

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia (C.A.W., C.E.P.)

   Carol A. Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4301-3974 School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia (C.A.W., C.E.P.)

8. Ruifang Li‐Gao Aachen Department of Clinical Epidemiology Ruifang Li-Gao Department of Clinical Epidemiology

   Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands

   Ruifang Li-Gao Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands

9. Jason Westra

   Dordt University

   Affiliation as printed

   Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA (J.M.W., N.T.)

   Jason M. Westra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4754-1395 Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA (J.M.W., N.T.)

10. Niina Pitkänen

    University of Turku

    Affiliation as printed

    Auria Biobank (N.P.), University of Turku, Finland

    Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland

11. Kristin L. Young

    University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health (K.L.Y., M. Graff, K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

    Kristin L. Young https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0070-6145 Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health (K.L.Y., M. Graff, K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

12. Mariaelisa Graff

    University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health (K.L.Y., M. Graff, K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

    Mariaelisa Graff https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-1735 Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health (K.L.Y., M. Graff, K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

13. Alexis C. Wood

    Baylor College of Medicine · Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine

    Affiliation as printed

    USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.C.W.)

    Alexis C. Wood USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.C.W.)

14. Kim V.E. Braun

    Erasmus MC

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    Kim V.E. Braun Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands

15. Jian’an Luan

    University of Cambridge · MRC Epidemiology Unit · Medical Research Council

    Affiliation as printed

    Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)

    Jian'an Luan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3137-6337 Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)

16. Mika A. P. Kähönen

    Tampere University · Tampere University Hospital · University of Tampere

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland

    Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital, Finland

17. Jessica C. Kiefte–de Jong Aachen Department of Public Health and Primary Care

    Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    Department of Public Health and Primary Care (J.C.L.d.J., D.O.M.-K.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands

    Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8136-0918 Department of Public Health and Primary Care (J.C.L.d.J., D.O.M.-K.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands

18. Mohsen Ghanbari

    Erasmus MC

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    Mohsen Ghanbari Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands

19. Nathan Tintle

    Dordt University

    Affiliation as printed

    Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA (J.M.W., N.T.)

    Nathan Tintle https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-9107 Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA (J.M.W., N.T.)

20. Rozenn N. Lemaître

    University of Washington

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Medicine (T.M.B., R.N.L., B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle

    Rozenn N. Lemaitre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7038-1844 Department of Medicine (T.M.B., R.N.L., B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle

21. Dennis Owen Mook-Kanamori Aachen Department of Clinical Epidemiology Department of Public Health and Primary Care Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori Department of Clinical Epidemiology Netherlands. Department of Public Health & Primary Care

    Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands

    Department of Public Health and Primary Care (J.C.L.d.J., D.O.M.-K.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands

    Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. Department of Public Health and Primary Care (J.C.L.d.J., D.O.M.-K.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands

22. Kari E. North

    University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

    Affiliation as printed

    Carolina Center for Genome Science (K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

    Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health (K.L.Y., M. Graff, K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

    Kari North Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health (K.L.Y., M. Graff, K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Carolina Center for Genome Science (K.N.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

23. Mika Helminen

    Tampere University · Tampere University Hospital · University of Tampere

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Tampere University, Finland (M.H.)

    Research Development and Innovation Centre (M.H.), Tampere University Hospital, Finland

    Mika Helminen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5695-2084 Research Development and Innovation Centre (M.H.), Tampere University Hospital, Finland. Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Tampere University, Finland (M.H.)

24. Yasmin Mossavar‐Rahmani

    Albert Einstein College of Medicine

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Y.M.-R.)

    Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9214-6124 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Y.M.-R.)

25. Linda G. Snetselaar

    University of Iowa

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (L.S.)

    Linda Snetselaar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6615-0779 Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City (L.S.)

26. Lisa Warsinger Martin

    George Washington University

    Affiliation as printed

    George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C. (L.W.M.)

    Lisa W. Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4352-0914 George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C. (L.W.M.)

27. Jorma S.A. Viikari

    University of Turku · Turku University Hospital

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Medicine (J.S.V.), University of Turku, Finland

    Division of Medicine (J.S.V.), Turku University Hospital, Finland

    Jorma S. Viikari https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-010X Department of Medicine (J.S.V.), University of Turku, Finland. Division of Medicine (J.S.V.), Turku University Hospital, Finland

28. Wendy Hazel Oddy

    University of Tasmania · Menzies Institute for Medical Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, HOB, Australia (W.H.O.)

    Wendy H. Oddy Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, HOB, Australia (W.H.O.)

29. Craig Edward Pennell

    Tufts University · University of Newcastle Australia

    Affiliation as printed

    Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (C.E.S.), Tufts University, Boston, MA

    School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia (C.A.W., C.E.P.)

    Craig E. Pennell https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0937-6165 Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory (C.E.S.), Tufts University, Boston, MA. School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia (C.A.W., C.E.P.)

30. Frits R. Rosendall Aachen Department of Clinical Epidemiology

    Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands

    Frits R. Rosendall https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2558-7496 Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands

31. M. Arfan Ikram

    Erasmus MC

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    M. Arfan Ikram Department of Epidemiology (K.V.E.B., J.C.K.-d.J., M. Ghanbari, M.A.I.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands

32. André Gerardus Uitterlinden

    Erasmus MC

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.U.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    Andre G Uitterlinden Department of Internal Medicine (A.G.U.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands

33. Bruce M. Psaty

    Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute · University of Washington

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Medicine (T.M.B., R.N.L., B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle

    Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle

    Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA (B.M.P.)

    Bruce M. Psaty Department of Medicine (T.M.B., R.N.L., B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle. Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle. Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA (B.M.P.)

34. Dariush Mozaffarian

    Tufts University · Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging

    Affiliation as printed

    Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy (D.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA

    Dariush Mozaffarian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7958-9492 Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy (D.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA

35. Jerome I. Rotter

    University of California, Los Angeles · The Lundquist Institute · Harbor–UCLA Medical Center

    Affiliation as printed

    The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., K.D.T.)

    Jerome I. Rotter The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., K.D.T.)

36. Kent D. Taylor

    University of California, Los Angeles · The Lundquist Institute · Harbor–UCLA Medical Center

    Affiliation as printed

    The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., K.D.T.)

    Kent D. Taylor The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., K.D.T.)

37. Terho J. Lehtimäki

    Tampere University · Fimlab (Finland) · University of Tampere

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland

    Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland (T.L.)

38. Olli Tuomas Raitakari

    University of Turku · Turku University Hospital

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland

    Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland

    Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland

    Olli T. Raitakari Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland. Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland

39. Kara A. Livingston

    Tufts University

    Affiliation as printed

    Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA

    Kara A. Livingston Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA

40. Trudy Voortman
    Affiliation as printed

    Trudy Voortman

41. Nita G. Forouhi

    University of Cambridge · MRC Epidemiology Unit · Medical Research Council

    Affiliation as printed

    Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)

    Nita G. Forouhi Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)

42. Nicholas J. Wareham

    University of Cambridge · MRC Epidemiology Unit · Medical Research Council

    Affiliation as printed

    Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)

    Nick J. Wareham Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (F.I., J.L., N.G.F., N.J.W.)

43. Renée de Mutsert Aachen Department of Clinical Epidemiology

    Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Clinical Epidemiology (R.L.G., D.O.M.-K., F.R.R., R.dM.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands

44. Stephen S. Rich

    University of Virginia

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (S.S.R.)

    Steven S. Rich Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (S.S.R.)

45. JoAnn E. Manson

    Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University

    Affiliation as printed

    Channing Division of Network Medicine (D.E.H., J.E.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

    Department of Epidemiology (J.E.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA

    Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

    JoAnn E. Manson Channing Division of Network Medicine (D.E.H., J.E.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Department of Epidemiology (J.E.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA

46. Samia Mora

    Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University

    Affiliation as printed

    Cardiovascular Division of Medicine and Center for Lipid Metabolomics (S.M., P.M.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

    Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

    Samia Mora https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6283-0980 Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Cardiovascular Division of Medicine and Center for Lipid Metabolomics (S.M., P.M.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

47. Paul M. Ridker

    Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University

    Affiliation as printed

    Cardiovascular Division of Medicine and Center for Lipid Metabolomics (S.M., P.M.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

    Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

    Paul M. Ridker https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1249-4522 Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Cardiovascular Division of Medicine and Center for Lipid Metabolomics (S.M., P.M.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

48. Jordi Merino

    Broad Institute · Harvard University · Massachusetts General Hospital · Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud · Universitat Rovira i Virgili

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.M., J.B.M.)

    Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine (J.M., H.S.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston

    Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain (J.M.)

    Program in Medical and Population Genetics (J.M., J.B.M., H.S.D.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA

    Program in Metabolism (J.M., J.B.M.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA

49. James B. Meigs

    Broad Institute · Harvard University · Massachusetts General Hospital · Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.M., J.B.M.)

    Division of General Internal Medicine (J.B.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston

    Program in Medical and Population Genetics (J.M., J.B.M., H.S.D.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA

    Program in Metabolism (J.M., J.B.M.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA

    James B. Meigs https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2439-2657 Program in Medical and Population Genetics (J.M., J.B.M., H.S.D.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA. Program in Metabolism (J.M., J.B.M.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.M., J.B.M.). Division of General Internal Medicine (J.B.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston

50. Hassan S. Dashti

    Broad Institute · Harvard University · Massachusetts General Hospital

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (H.S.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston

    Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine (J.M., H.S.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston

    Program in Medical and Population Genetics (J.M., J.B.M., H.S.D.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA

    Hassan S. Dashti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-679X Program in Medical and Population Genetics (J.M., J.B.M., H.S.D.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA. Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine (J.M., H.S.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston. Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (H.S.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston

51. Daniel I. Chasman

    Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University

    Affiliation as printed

    Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

    Daniel I. Chasman https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3357-0862 Division of Preventive Medicine (J.E.M., S.M., P.M.R., D.I.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

52. Alice Hinda Lichtenstein

    Tufts University

    Affiliation as printed

    Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (A.H.L.), Tufts University, Boston, MA

    Alice H. Lichtenstein Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (A.H.L.), Tufts University, Boston, MA

53. Caren E. Smith
    Affiliation as printed

    Caren E. Smith https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9511-1103

54. Josée Dupuis

    Boston University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (G.M.P., A.N.P., J.D.)

55. Mark A. Herman

    Duke University · Duke Medical Center

    Affiliation as printed

    Division Of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (M.A.H.)

    Mark A. Herman https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6979-103X Division Of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (M.A.H.)

56. Nicola Mary McKeown

    Tufts University

    Affiliation as printed

    Nutritional Epidemiology Program (D.E.H., M. Guirette, K.A.L., N.M.M.), Tufts University, Boston, MA