A Time-Variability Test for Candidate Neutrino Sources Observed with IceCube

International Cosmic Ray Conference, pp. 1141

Abstract

Recent studies with IceCube have shown signs of a time-integrated flux of astrophysical neutrinos from point-like sources such as TXS 0506+056 and NGC 1068. Time-variability of this neutrino emission from TXS 0506+056 has been studied extensively by assuming a temporal profile of the possible flare(s) or searching for temporal neutrino correlation with other electromagnetic counterparts. However, experimental evidence of the temporal profile of an astrophysical neutrino signal, besides the TXS 0506+056 source, remains lacking. In this study, we present a new KS-test based method for investigating time-variability. This new method complements the existing time-dependent search methods with a test for arbitrary time-variability, independent of an assumed temporal profile or electromagnetic counterpart. Additionally, this method provides a diagnostic tool for characterizing point-like source candidates in IceCube by distinguishing variable from steady neutrino emission and we show results of applying this method to a small catalog of candidate blazars.

Authors 98

1. Pranav Dave corresponding

   Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

   Affiliation as printed

   CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

   Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

   Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

   Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

2. Markus Ackermann

   Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

   Affiliation as printed

   CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

   Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

   Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

   Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

3. Jenni Adams

   University of Canterbury

   Affiliation as printed

   Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand

4. Juanan Aguilar

   Université Libre de Bruxelles

   Affiliation as printed

   Université Libre de Bruxelles , Science Faculty CP230 , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium

   Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

5. M. Ahlers

   University of Copenhagen

   Affiliation as printed

   Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

6. Maryon Ahrens

   Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

   Affiliation as printed

   CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

   Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

   Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

   Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

7. Cyril Martin Alispach

   University of Geneva

   Affiliation as printed

   Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève,

8. Antonio Augusto Alves Junior
9. Najia Moureen Binte Amin
10. Rui An

    Harvard University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

11. K. Andeen

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

12. Tyler Anderson

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

13. G. Anton

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

14. Carlos A. Argüelles

    Harvard University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA

    Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

15. Yosuke Ashida

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

16. Spencer Axani

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA

    Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

17. X. Bai

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

18. Aswathi Balagopal V
19. Anastasia Maria Barbano

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève,

20. S. W. Barwick

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

21. Benjamin Bastian

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

22. Vedant Basu

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

23. S. Baur

    Université Libre de Bruxelles

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Libre de Bruxelles , Science Faculty CP230 , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium

    Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

24. Ryan Carlton Bay

    University of California, Berkeley

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

25. J. J. Beatty

    The Ohio State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

26. K.-H. Becker

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

27. Julia Becker Tjus

    Ruhr University Bochum

    Affiliation as printed

    Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum , Germany

    Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany

28. Chiara Bellenghi

    Technical University of Munich

    Affiliation as printed

    Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany

29. S. BenZvi

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

30. David Berley

    University of Maryland, College Park

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

31. E. Bernardini

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

32. D. Z. Besson

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

33. G. Binder

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · University of California, Berkeley

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

34. D. Bindig

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

35. E. Blaufuss

    University of Maryland, College Park

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

36. Summer Blot

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

37. Matthias Boddenberg Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut

    Georgia Institute of Technology · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Georgia Institute of Technology

    III. Physikalisches Institut , RWTH Aachen University , D-52056 Aachen , Germany

    III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany

38. Federico Bontempo

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

39. Jürgen Borowka Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut

    Georgia Institute of Technology · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Georgia Institute of Technology

    III. Physikalisches Institut , RWTH Aachen University , D-52056 Aachen , Germany

    III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany

40. S. Böser

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

41. O. Botner

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

42. Jakob Boettcher
43. Etienne Bourbeau

    University of Copenhagen

    Affiliation as printed

    Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

44. Federica Bradascio

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

45. J. Braun

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

46. S. Bron

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève,

47. Jannes Brostean-Kaiser

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

48. Sally-Ann Browne

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

49. A. Burgman

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

50. Ryan T. Burley

    The University of Adelaide

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , 5005 , Australia

    Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia

51. Raffaela Busse

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

52. Michael Campana

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

53. Erin Carnie-Bronca

    The University of Adelaide

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , 5005 , Australia

    Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia

54. Chujie Chen

    Georgia Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA

    School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

55. D. Chirkin

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

56. Koun Choi

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

57. Brian A. Clark

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

58. Lew Classen

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

59. Alan Coleman

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

60. Gabriel Collin

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA

    Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

61. Janet M. Conrad

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University · Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

62. Paul Coppin

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel

    Affiliation as printed

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Dienst ELEM , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

63. Pablo Correa

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel · Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Dienst ELEM , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

64. D. F. Cowen

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

65. R. Cross

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

66. Christian Dappen Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut

    Georgia Institute of Technology · Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Georgia Institute of Technology

    III. Physikalisches Institut , RWTH Aachen University , D-52056 Aachen , Germany

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

67. Catherine DE CLERCQ

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel · Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Dienst ELEM , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

68. James DeLaunay

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

69. H.-P. Dembinski

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

70. Kunal Deoskar

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

71. Sam De Ridder

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

72. Abhishek Desai

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

73. P. Desiati

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

74. Krijn D. de Vries

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel · Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Dienst ELEM , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

75. G. de Wasseige

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel · Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Dienst ELEM , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

76. Meike De With

    Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Physik , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , D-12489 Berlin , Germany

    Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany

77. T. DeYoung

    Michigan State University

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

78. Sukeerthi Dharani Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut

    Georgia Institute of Technology · Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Georgia Institute of Technology

    III. Physikalisches Institut , RWTH Aachen University , D-52056 Aachen , Germany

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

79. A. Diaz

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University · Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

80. Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

81. Markus Dittmer

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

82. Hrvoje Dujmović

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

83. M. Dunkman

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

84. M. A. DuVernois

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

85. Emily Dvorak

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

86. Thomas Ehrhardt

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

87. P. Eller

    Technical University of Munich

    Affiliation as printed

    Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany

88. Robert Engel

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

89. Hannah Erpenbeck Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut

    Georgia Institute of Technology · Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Georgia Institute of Technology

    III. Physikalisches Institut , RWTH Aachen University , D-52056 Aachen , Germany

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

90. John Evans

    University of Maryland, College Park

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

91. P.A. Evenson

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

92. Kwok Lung Fan

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

93. Ali R. Fazely

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics , Southern University , Baton Rouge , LA 70813 , USA

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

94. Sebastian Fiedlschuster

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

95. Aaron T. Fienberg

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

96. Kirill Filimonov

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University · University of California, Berkeley

    Affiliation as printed

    Dept. of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

97. Chad Finley

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

98. Leander Fischer

    Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College · University of Alaska Anchorage · The University of Texas at Arlington · Clark Atlanta University

    Affiliation as printed

    CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA

    Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

    Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA

    Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA