Frequency shift algorithm: Design of a baseband phase locked loop for frequency-domain multiplexing readout of x-ray transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters
Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 92, pp. 073101
Abstract
The Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) is an extremely sensitive device, which is used to measure the energy of individual x-ray photons. For astronomical spectrometry applications, SRON develops a frequency domain multiplexing readout system for kilopixel arrays of such TESs. Each TES is voltage biased at a specific frequency in the range of 1-5 MHz. Isolation between the individual pixels is obtained through very narrow-band (high-Q) lithographic LC resonators. To prevent energy resolution degradation due to intermodulation line noise, the bias frequencies are distributed on a regular grid. The requirements on the accuracy of the LC resonance frequency are very high. The deviation of the resonance frequencies due to production tolerances is significant with respect to the bandwidth, and a controller is necessary to compensate for the LC series impedance. We present two such controllers: a simple orthogonal proportional-integral controller and a more complex impedance estimator. Both controllers operate in baseband and try to make the TES current in-phase with the bias voltage, effectively operating as phase-locked loops. They allow off-LC-resonance operation of the TES pixels while preserving the TES thermal response and energy resolution. Extensive experimental results-published in a companion paper recently-with the proposed methods show that these controllers allow the preservation of single pixel energy resolution in multiplexed operation.
Authors 8
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Paul van der Hulst corresponding Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 , Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Kapteynborg, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jan van der Kuur Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 2 1SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 2 , Kapteynborg, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
1SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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A. C. T. Nieuwenhuizen Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 , Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Kapteynborg, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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Davide Vaccaro Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 , Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Kapteynborg, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 , Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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P. van Winden Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 , Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Kapteynborg, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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B. J. van Leeuwen Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 , Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Kapteynborg, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jan-Willem den Herder Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research 1 , Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
2SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Kapteynborg, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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