Gaia Early Data Release 3

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 652, pp. A76

Abstract

Context. Since July 2014, the Gaia mission has been engaged in a high-spatial-resolution, time-resolved, precise, accurate astrometric, and photometric survey of the entire sky. Aims. We present the Gaia Science Alerts project, which has been in operation since 1 June 2016. We describe the system which has been developed to enable the discovery and publication of transient photometric events as seen by Gaia . Methods. We outline the data handling, timings, and performances, and we describe the transient detection algorithms and filtering procedures needed to manage the high false alarm rate. We identify two classes of events: (1) sources which are new to Gaia and (2) Gaia sources which have undergone a significant brightening or fading. Validation of the Gaia transit astrometry and photometry was performed, followed by testing of the source environment to minimise contamination from Solar System objects, bright stars, and fainter near-neighbours. Results. We show that the Gaia Science Alerts project suffers from very low contamination, that is there are very few false-positives. We find that the external completeness for supernovae, C E = 0.46, is dominated by the Gaia scanning law and the requirement of detections from both fields-of-view. Where we have two or more scans the internal completeness is C I = 0.79 at 3 arcsec or larger from the centres of galaxies, but it drops closer in, especially within 1 arcsec. Conclusions. The per-transit photometry for Gaia transients is precise to 1% at G = 13, and 3% at G = 19. The per-transit astrometry is accurate to 55 mas when compared to Gaia DR2. The Gaia Science Alerts project is one of the most homogeneous and productive transient surveys in operation, and it is the only survey which covers the whole sky at high spatial resolution (subarcsecond), including the Galactic plane and bulge.

Authors 98

1. S. T. Hodgkin

   University of Cambridge

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

   Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

2. Diana L. Harrison

   University of Cambridge

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

   Kavli Institute for Cosmology , Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

   Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

   Kavli Institute for Cosmology, Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

3. E. Breedt

   University of Cambridge

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

   Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

4. T. Wevers

   University of Cambridge · European Southern Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   European Southern Observatory , Alonso de Córdova 3107 , Vitacura , Casilla 19001 , Santiago , Chile

   Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

   European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile

   Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

5. G. Rixon

   University of Cambridge

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

   Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

6. A. Yoldas

   University of Cambridge

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

   Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

7. Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska Aachen Leiden Observatory Netherlands Institute for Space Research

   Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

   Affiliation as printed

   Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , PO Box 9513 , 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands

   SRON , Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Sorbonnelaan 2 , 3584 CA Utrecht , The Netherlands

   Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

   SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands

8. Ł. Wyrzykowski

   University of Warsaw

   Affiliation as printed

   Warsaw University, Astronomical Observatory, Department of Physics, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland

9. M. van Leeuwen

   University of Cambridge

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

   Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

10. N. Blagorodnova

    Radboud University Nijmegen

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP , Radboud University , PO Box 9010 , 6500 GL Nijmegen , The Netherlands

    Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

11. Heather C. Campbell

    University of Surrey

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics , Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences , University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , UK

    Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

12. D. Eappachen Aachen Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Radboud University Nijmegen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP , Radboud University , PO Box 9010 , 6500 GL Nijmegen , The Netherlands

    SRON , Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Sorbonnelaan 2 , 3584 CA Utrecht , The Netherlands

    Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands

13. M. Fraser

    University College Dublin

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics , O'Brien Centre for Science North , University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland

    School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science North, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

14. N. Ihanec

    Isaac Newton Group · University of Warsaw

    Affiliation as printed

    Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes , Apdo. 321 , E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma , Canary Islands , Spain

    Warsaw University , Astronomical Observatory , Department of Physics , Al. Ujazdowskie 4 , 00-478 , Warszawa , Poland

    Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, Apdo. 321, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Canary Islands, Spain

    Warsaw University, Astronomical Observatory, Department of Physics, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland

15. Sergey E. Koposov

    University of Cambridge · Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

16. K. Kruszyńska

    University of Warsaw

    Affiliation as printed

    Warsaw University , Astronomical Observatory , Department of Physics , Al. Ujazdowskie 4 , 00-478 , Warszawa , Poland

    Warsaw University, Astronomical Observatory, Department of Physics, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland

17. Gabor Marton

    Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network

    Affiliation as printed

    Konkoly Observatory , Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Eötvös Loránd Research Network , Konkoly Thege 15-17 , 1121 Budapest , Hungary

    Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Konkoly Thege 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary

18. Krzysztof A. Rybicki

    University of Warsaw

    Affiliation as printed

    Warsaw University , Astronomical Observatory , Department of Physics , Al. Ujazdowskie 4 , 00-478 , Warszawa , Poland

    Warsaw University, Astronomical Observatory, Department of Physics, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland

19. A. G. A. Brown Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , PO Box 9513 , 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

20. P. W. Burgess

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

21. G. Busso

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

22. Stuart Jasper Cowell

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

23. F. De Angeli

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

24. C. Diener

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

25. Dafydd Wyn Evans

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

26. Gerard F. Gilmore

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

27. G. Holland

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

28. P. G. Jonker Aachen Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Radboud University Nijmegen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP , Radboud University , PO Box 9010 , 6500 GL Nijmegen , The Netherlands

    SRON , Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Sorbonnelaan 2 , 3584 CA Utrecht , The Netherlands

    Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands

29. Floor van Leeuwen

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

30. F. Mignard

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d'Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur , CNRS ,

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France

31. P. Osborne

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

32. J. Portell

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica , Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB) , Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB) , Martí Franquès 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain

    Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

33. T. Prusti

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA) , European Space Research and Tech- nology Centre (ESTEC) , Keplerlaan 1 , 2201AZ , Noordwijk , The Netherlands

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

34. P. J. Richards

    Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    STFC , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell , Didcot OX11 0QX , UK

    STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK

35. M. Riello

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

36. G. M. Seabroke

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory , University College London , Holmbury St Mary , Dorking , Surrey RH5 6NT , UK

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

37. Nicholas A. Walton

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

38. P. Ábrahám

    Eötvös Loránd University · Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network

    Affiliation as printed

    ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Institute of Physics , Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A , 1117 Budapest , Hungary

    Konkoly Observatory , Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Eötvös Loránd Research Network , Konkoly Thege 15-17 , 1121 Budapest , Hungary

    ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary

    Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Konkoly Thege 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary

39. G. Altavilla

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , Via Frascati 33 , 00078 , Monte Porzio Catone (Roma) , Italy

    Space Science Data Center -ASI , Via del Politecnico SNC , 00133 Roma , Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy

    Space Science Data Center – ASI, Via del Politecnico SNC, 00133 Roma, Italy

40. Steven G. Baker

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory , University College London , Holmbury St Mary , Dorking , Surrey RH5 6NT , UK

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

41. U. Bastian

    Heidelberg University

    Affiliation as printed

    ARI/ZAH , Heidelberg University , Heidlelberg , Germany

    ARI/ZAH, Heidelberg University, Heidlelberg, Germany

42. P. T. O’Brien

    University of Leicester

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

43. J. H. J. de Bruijne

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA) , European Space Research and Tech- nology Centre (ESTEC) , Keplerlaan 1 , 2201AZ , Noordwijk , The Netherlands

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

44. T. Butterley

    Durham University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Advanced Instrumentation , Department of Physics , Uni- versity of Durham , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK

    Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

45. J. M. Carrasco

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica , Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB) , Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB) , Martí Franquès 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain

    Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

46. J. Castañeda

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    DAPCOM for Institut de Ciències del Cosmos , Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB) , Martí i Franquès 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain

    DAPCOM for Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

47. J. S. Clark

    The Open University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physical Sciences , The Open University , Walton Hall , Milton Keynes MK7 67AA , UK

    School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 67AA, UK

48. G. Clementini

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

    INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

49. Christopher M. Copperwheat

    Liverpool John Moores University

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics Research Institute , Liverpool John Moores University , 146 Brownlow Hill , Liverpool L3 5RF , UK

    Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK

50. Mark S. Cropper

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory , University College London , Holmbury St Mary , Dorking , Surrey RH5 6NT , UK

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

51. G. Damljanović

    University of Lethbridge · University of Geneva · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · U.S. National Science Foundation · University of St Andrews · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias · Astronomical Observatory · Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie · University of Sheffield

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomical Observatory ( street Volgina 7 , 11060 Belgrade , Ser- bia) 30 National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA 31 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, IAP, 75014 Paris, France 32 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK 33 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 34 SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK 35 Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland 36 Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia 37 University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada 38 Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK 39 ESA, ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo s

    Astronomical Observatory (street Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia)

52. M. Davidson

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy , University of Edinburgh , Royal Observa- tory , Blackford Hill , Edinburgh EH9 3HJ , UK

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

53. Christopher J. Davis

    U.S. National Science Foundation · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA

54. M. Dennefeld

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Lagrange Laboratory · Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, IAP, 75014 Paris, France

55. V. S. Dhillon

    Lagrange Laboratory · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias · University of Sheffield

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

56. M. Dominik

    University of St Andrews · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK

57. Pilar Esquej

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    RHEA Group for ESA/ESAC , Camino bajo del Castillo s/n , Urban- ización Villafranca del Castillo , Villanueva de la Cañada , 28692 Madrid , Spain

    RHEA Group for ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

58. L. Eyer

    University of Geneva · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

59. C. Fabricius

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica , Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB) , Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB) , Martí Franquès 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain

    Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

60. Mitja Fridman

    University of Lethbridge · University of Nova Gorica · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia

    University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada

61. D. Froebrich

    University of Kent · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK

62. N. Garralda

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica , Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB) , Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB) , Martí Franquès 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain

    Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

63. A. Gomboc

    University of Nova Gorica · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia

64. J. J. González-Vidal

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    DAPCOM for Institut de Ciències del Cosmos , Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB) , Martí i Franquès 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain

    DAPCOM for Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

65. R. Guerra

    European Space Astronomy Centre · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    ESA, ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain

66. N. C. Hambly

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy , University of Edinburgh , Royal Observa- tory , Blackford Hill , Edinburgh EH9 3HJ , UK

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

67. L. K. Hardy

    Lagrange Laboratory · University of Sheffield

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK

68. B. Holl

    University of Geneva · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

69. Anna Hourihane

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

    Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

70. J. Japelj

    Lagrange Laboratory · University of Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands

71. David Alexander Kann

    Lagrange Laboratory · Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain

72. Csaba Kiss

    Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network

    Affiliation as printed

    Konkoly Observatory , Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Eötvös Loránd Research Network , Konkoly Thege 15-17 , 1121 Budapest , Hungary

    Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Konkoly Thege 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary

73. Christian Knigge

    Lagrange Laboratory · University of Southampton

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

74. Ulrich C. Kolb

    The Open University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physical Sciences , The Open University , Walton Hall , Milton Keynes MK7 67AA , UK

    School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 67AA, UK

75. S. Komossa

    Lagrange Laboratory · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53111 Bonn, Germany

76. Á. Kóspál

    Eötvös Loránd University · Konkoly Observatory · Max Planck Institute for Astronomy · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network

    Affiliation as printed

    ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Institute of Physics , Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A , 1117 Budapest , Hungary

    Konkoly Observatory , Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Eötvös Loránd Research Network , Konkoly Thege 15-17 , 1121 Budapest , Hungary

    ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary

    Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Konkoly Thege 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

77. Gábor Kovács

    University of Washington · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    DiRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195, USA

78. M. Kun

    Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network

    Affiliation as printed

    Konkoly Observatory , Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Eötvös Loránd Research Network , Konkoly Thege 15-17 , 1121 Budapest , Hungary

    Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Konkoly Thege 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary

79. G. Leto

    Lagrange Laboratory · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

80. Fraser Lewis

    Liverpool John Moores University · Cardiff University

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics Research Institute , Liverpool John Moores University , 146 Brownlow Hill , Liverpool L3 5RF , UK

    Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK

    Faulkes Telescope Project, School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, Wales, UK

81. S. P. Littlefair

    Lagrange Laboratory · University of Sheffield

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK

82. Ashish A. Mahabal

    California Institute of Technology · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Center for Data Driven Discovery, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

    Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

83. Carole G. Mundell

    Lagrange Laboratory · University of Bath

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK

84. Z. Nagy

    Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network

    Affiliation as printed

    Konkoly Observatory , Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Eötvös Loránd Research Network , Konkoly Thege 15-17 , 1121 Budapest , Hungary

    Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Konkoly Thege 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary

85. D. Padeletti

    University of Bremen · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    ZARM, Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity, Bremen University, Germany

86. L. Palaversa

    University of Geneva · Lagrange Laboratory · Ruđer Bošković Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb, Croatia

87. Andrzej Pigulski

    University of Wrocław · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Instytut Astronomiczny, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Kopernika 11, 51-622 Wrocław, Poland

88. Magaretha L. Pretorius

    Lagrange Laboratory · South African Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    South African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9, Observatory 7935, South Africa

89. W. van Reeven

    European Space Astronomy Centre · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    ESA, ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain

90. V. A. R. M. Ribeiro

    Radboud University Nijmegen · Instituto de Telecomunicações · University of Aveiro

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP , Radboud University , PO Box 9010 , 6500 GL Nijmegen , The Netherlands

    Departamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

    Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

91. M. Roelens

    University of Geneva · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

92. N. Rowell

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy , University of Edinburgh , Royal Observa- tory , Blackford Hill , Edinburgh EH9 3HJ , UK

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

93. N. Schartel

    European Space Astronomy Centre · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    ESA, ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain

94. A. Scholz

    University of St Andrews · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK

95. Axel D. Schwope

    Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany

96. Brigitta Sipőcz

    University of Washington · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    DiRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195, USA

97. Stephen J. Smartt

    Queen's University Belfast · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Lagrange , France

    Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK

98. Mike D. Smith

    University of Kent

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK