Swarm Learning for decentralized and confidential clinical machine learning
Nature, vol. 594, pp. 265–270
Abstract
Abstract Fast and reliable detection of patients with severe and heterogeneous illnesses is a major goal of precision medicine 1,2 . Patients with leukaemia can be identified using machine learning on the basis of their blood transcriptomes 3 . However, there is an increasing divide between what is technically possible and what is allowed, because of privacy legislation 4,5 . Here, to facilitate the integration of any medical data from any data owner worldwide without violating privacy laws, we introduce Swarm Learning—a decentralized machine-learning approach that unites edge computing, blockchain-based peer-to-peer networking and coordination while maintaining confidentiality without the need for a central coordinator, thereby going beyond federated learning. To illustrate the feasibility of using Swarm Learning to develop disease classifiers using distributed data, we chose four use cases of heterogeneous diseases (COVID-19, tuberculosis, leukaemia and lung pathologies). With more than 16,400 blood transcriptomes derived from 127 clinical studies with non-uniform distributions of cases and controls and substantial study biases, as well as more than 95,000 chest X-ray images, we show that Swarm Learning classifiers outperform those developed at individual sites. In addition, Swarm Learning completely fulfils local confidentiality regulations by design. We believe that this approach will notably accelerate the introduction of precision medicine.
Authors 97
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
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Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
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Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
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German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases · Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
Statistics and Machine Learning, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
Mesh Dynamics, Bangalore, India
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Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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Radboud University Nijmegen · Radboud University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Population Health Sciences, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Affiliation as printed
4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel · University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein
Affiliation as printed
Department of Internal Medicine I, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Tübingen · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes · Saarland University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Internal Medicine V, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
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LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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University of Cologne · University Hospital Cologne
Affiliation as printed
Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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University of Cologne · German Center for Infection Research · University Hospital Cologne
Affiliation as printed
Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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University of Cologne · German Center for Infection Research · University Hospital Cologne
Affiliation as printed
Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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University of Cologne · German Center for Infection Research · University Hospital Cologne
Affiliation as printed
Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Cologne Center for Genomics, West German Genome Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel · University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel · University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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German Center for Infection Research
Affiliation as printed
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
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Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
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Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
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National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Affiliation as printed
4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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German Center for Infection Research
Affiliation as printed
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
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Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel · University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein
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Department of Internal Medicine I, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Paul Balfanz Aachen Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine Institute of Human Genetics Medical Faculty
Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
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Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Thomas Eggermann Aachen Institute of Human Genetics Medical Faculty Institute of Pathology Department of Nephrology
Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Institute of Pathology & Department of Nephrology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Peter Boor Aachen Institute of Pathology Department of Nephrology Institute of Clinical Pharmacology
Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Pathology & Department of Nephrology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Susanne Isfort Aachen Department of Hematology, Oncology Medical School Institute of Clinical Pharmacology
Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
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Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Günther Schmalzing Aachen Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
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Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Christiane Katharina Kuhl Aachen Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Institute of Medical Informatics
Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
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Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
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Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Gernot Marx Aachen Department of Intensive Care Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical Faculty Aachen
Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
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Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Stefan Uhlig Aachen Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical Faculty Aachen Molecular Oncology Group Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Edgar Dahl Aachen Molecular Oncology Group Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology)
Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
RWTH centralized Biomaterial Bank (RWTH cBMB) of the Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Dirk Müller‐Wieland Aachen Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology) Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine
Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
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Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Michael Dreher Aachen Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology)
Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
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Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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University of Bonn · University Hospital Bonn · Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
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Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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University of Bonn · University Hospital Bonn · German Center for Infection Research
Affiliation as printed
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology/Pneumology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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University of Bonn · RWTH Aachen University
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Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology/Pneumology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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RWTH Aachen University · Saarland University
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes · Stanford Medicine · Saarland University · Stanford University
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Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Department of Internal Medicine V, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
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University of Cologne · Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes · Saarland University
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Department of Internal Medicine V, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
Cologne Center for Genomics, West German Genome Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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University of Cologne · University of Tübingen
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Cologne Center for Genomics, West German Genome Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel · University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Radboud University Nijmegen · Radboud University Medical Center · Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel · University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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University of Bonn · Radboud University Nijmegen · Radboud University Medical Center · Helmholtz Munich · Institute of Computational Biology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Immunology & Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
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German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases · Helmholtz Munich · Institute of Computational Biology
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
Statistics and Machine Learning, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases · Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States) · Helmholtz Center for Information Security
Affiliation as printed
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
Statistics and Machine Learning, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbrücken, Germany
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases · Helmholtz Center for Information Security
Affiliation as printed
CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbrücken, Germany
PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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University of Bonn · Radboud University Nijmegen · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases · Radboud University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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University of Bonn · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Affiliation as printed
Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Philipps University of Marburg · Loewe Center for Synthetic Microbiology · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences
Affiliation as printed
Geomicrobiology, German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Philipps University of Marburg · Loewe Center for Synthetic Microbiology · Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology
Affiliation as printed
LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
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Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
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European Molecular Biology Laboratory · Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology · European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
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Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden · Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures
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Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Leibniz Institute, Braunschweig, Germany
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European Molecular Biology Laboratory · European Molecular Biology Laboratory · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
Gene Center - Functional Genomics Analysis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Aachen · Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Leibniz Institute, Braunschweig, Germany
Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany
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Helmholtz Munich · Institute of Computational Biology · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Gene Center - Functional Genomics Analysis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
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Medizinische Hochschule Hannover · Universitätsklinikum Aachen · RWTH Aachen University
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany
Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
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University of Groningen · Helmholtz Munich · Institute of Computational Biology · Technical University of Munich
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European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
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Medizinische Hochschule Hannover · German Center for Infection Research · Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine · Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany
German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsimmunologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Helmholtz Munich · Düsseldorf University Hospital · Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
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Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf · Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsimmunologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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Düsseldorf University Hospital · ZB MED - Information Centre for Life Sciences · Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
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Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
German Information Centre for Life Sciences (ZB MED), Cologne, Germany
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Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel · University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf · University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein
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Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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ZB MED - Information Centre for Life Sciences
Affiliation as printed
German Information Centre for Life Sciences (ZB MED), Cologne, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel · University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Technical University of Munich · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Informatik 29 - Computational Molecular Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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Quantitative Biology Center · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Informatik 29 - Computational Molecular Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen · Quantitative Biology Center · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Tübingen · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen · German Center for Infection Research
Affiliation as printed
Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
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Cited by patents worldwide 9 (Lens.org)
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Systems and methods for chained machine learning models for signal data signature labellingUS12645940B2 2026-06-02 Active
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Systems and methods for authentication using sound-based vocalization analysisUS12518777B2 2026-01-06 Active
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Systems and methods for hybrid integration and development pipelinesUS12481926B2 2025-11-25 Active
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Distributed group learning system and method based on block chainCN118863091A 2024-10-29 Pending
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METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SECURE SWARM LEARNINGWO2023217541A1 2023-11-16 Pending
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METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SECURE SWARM LEARNINGEP4276666A1 2023-11-15 Discontinued
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CT image detection method, device and system, electronic device and storage mediumCN115131275A 2022-09-30 Discontinued
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METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR MACHINE LEARNING USING A DERIVED MACHINE LEARNING BLUEPRINTUS20220215248A1 2022-07-07 Discontinued