International Consensus Based Review and Recommendations for Minimum Reporting Standards in Research on Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (Version 2020)
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 14, pp. 568051
Abstract
Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice.
Authors 81
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University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust
Affiliation as printed
Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom
Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Pasian di Prato, Italy
Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom
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Universitätsklinikum Tübingen · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University Hospital and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University Hospital and University of Tuebingen, Germany
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University of Augsburg · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Laboratory for Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Laboratory for Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology
Affiliation as printed
Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, 4Brain, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, 4Brain, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
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Affiliation as printed
Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Clinical Psychology and the Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
Clinical Psychology and the Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Netherlands
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Medical University of South Carolina
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Migraine and Headache Clinic Koenigstein, Königstein im Taunus, Germany
Migraine and Headache Clinic Koenigstein, Germany
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Technische Universität Dresden
Affiliation as printed
Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
Utah State University, United States
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Oslo University Hospital · University of Oslo
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Norway
NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences · University College London · Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
Affiliation as printed
Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg (CBBS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Medical Faculty, Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg (CBBS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Germany
Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom
Medical Faculty, Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Germany
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Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Italy
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National Institutes of Health · National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
Affiliation as printed
Pain and Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
Pain and Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH, United States
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University of Milan · Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
SzeleSTIM GmbH, Vienna, Austria
Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, TU Wien, Austria
SzeleSTIM GmbH, Austria
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Italy
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid · Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos
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Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid and Institute for Health Research, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid and Institute for Health Research, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Spain
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Queen Mary University of London · William Harvey Research Institute
Affiliation as printed
Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
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Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), India
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Medical University of South Carolina
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Harvard University · Maastricht University · Massachusetts General Hospital
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Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Research Group Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Research Group Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
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University of Liège · Centre hospitalier régional de la Citadelle
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Headache Research Unit, Department of Neurology-Citadelle Hospital, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Headache Research Unit, Department of Neurology-Citadelle Hospital, University of Liège, Belgium
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Affiliation as printed
Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
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China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences · Guang’anmen Hospital
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Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, Guang An Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, Guang An Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
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Affiliation as printed
School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Division for Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Division for Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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University of California, Irvine
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, United States
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Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg · Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany
Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, 4Brain, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, 4Brain, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
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Laura Steenbergen Aachen Clinical and Cognitive Psychology and the Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition
Affiliation as printed
Clinical and Cognitive Psychology and the Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
Clinical and Cognitive Psychology and the Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brazil
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Medical University of South Carolina
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Turkey
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Affiliation as printed
Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Odisee, University of Applied Sciences · Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta
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Division of Epileptology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
Faculty of Health Care, University College Odisee, Aalst, Belgium
Division of Epileptology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Italy
Faculty of Health Care, University College Odisee, Belgium
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Universitätsklinikum Tübingen · University of Tübingen
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Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University Hospital and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University Hospital and University of Tuebingen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, United States
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University of Würzburg · Erasmus University Rotterdam
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Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Research Group Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Research Group Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany
Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Germany
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German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases · Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences · Mersin Üniversitesi · Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
Affiliation as printed
Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Germany
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Turkey
Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Germany
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Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology
Affiliation as printed
Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Germany
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University of Bern · Heidelberg University
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Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. · German Center for Diabetes Research · Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
Affiliation as printed
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany
Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research, Germany
Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, United States
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UC San Diego Health System · University of California San Diego
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health System, United States
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University of Milan · Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry (SNIPLab), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry (SNIPLab), University of Göttingen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
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China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Germany
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University of Pittsburgh · UPMC Health System · University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
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Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, United States
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Logan University · Massachusetts General Hospital · Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
Department of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, United States
Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
Department of Radiology, Logan University, United States
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Roberta Sellaro Aachen Cognitive Psychology Unit Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition
Leiden University · University of Padua
Affiliation as printed
Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, Netherlands
Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Netherlands
Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Italy
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Netherlands
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Harvard University · Massachusetts General Hospital · Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
Affiliation as printed
Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
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Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. · Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf · University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Affiliation as printed
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, United States
Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Faculty of Biological Science, School of Biomedical Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Faculty of Biological Science, School of Biomedical Science, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
SzeleSTIM GmbH, Vienna, Austria
Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, TU Wien, Austria
SzeleSTIM GmbH, Austria
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Affiliation as printed
School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
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German Sport University Cologne
Affiliation as printed
Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Köln, Germany
Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Germany
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Universitätsmedizin Greifswald · Universität Greifswald · McMaster University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Anesthesiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Canada
Department of Anesthesiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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University of Würzburg · Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
Affiliation as printed
Laboratory of Functional Neurovascular Diagnostics, AG Early Diagnosis of Dementia, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Laboratory of Functional Neurovascular Diagnostics, AG Early Diagnosis of Dementia, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Würzburg, Germany
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Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Germany
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German Sport University Cologne
Affiliation as printed
Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Köln, Germany
Department of Social and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Köln, Germany
Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Germany
Department of Social and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
Department of Human Movement Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czechia
Department of Human Movement Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Ostrava, Czechia
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Logan University · Massachusetts General Hospital · Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
Department of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, United States
Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
Department of Radiology, Logan University, United States
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Julian Koenig corresponding
University of Bern · Heidelberg University
Affiliation as printed
Section for Experimental Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Section for Experimental Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
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