Missing Data in Prediction Research: A Five-Step Approach for Multiple Imputation, Illustrated in the CENTER-TBI Study
Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 38, pp. 1842–1857
Abstract
In medical research, missing data is common. In acute diseases, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), even well-conducted prospective studies may suffer from missing data in baseline characteristics and outcomes. Statistical models may simply drop patients with any missing values, potentially leaving a selected subset of the original cohort. Imputation is widely accepted by methodologists as an appropriate way to deal with missing data. We aim to provide practical guidance on handling missing data for prediction modeling. We hereto propose a five-step approach, centered around single and multiple imputation: 1) explore the missing data patterns; 2) choose a method of imputation; 3) perform imputation; 4) assess diagnostics of the imputation; and 5) analyze the imputed data sets. We illustrate these five steps with the estimation and validation of the IMPACT (International Mission on Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brain Injury) prognostic model in 1375 patients from the CENTER-TBI database, included in 53 centers across 17 countries, with moderate or severe TBI in the prospective European CENTER-TBI study. Future prediction modeling studies in acute diseases may benefit from following the suggested five steps for optimal statistical analysis and interpretation, after maximal effort has been made to minimize missing data.
Authors 98
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Benjamin Yaël Gravesteijn corresponding
Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center · Erasmus MC
Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
LUMC - Leiden University Medical Center (Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Universiteit Leiden - 1233 ZA, Leiden - Netherlands)
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Affiliation as printed
UiO - University of Oslo (P.O 1072 Blindern 0316 Oslo - Norway)
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UiT The Arctic University of Norway
Affiliation as printed
UiT - University of Tromsø (The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050, Langnes 9037 Tromsø - Norway)
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Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy
Affiliation as printed
Service d'Anesthésie et Réanimation [CHRU Nancy] (29 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, C.O. n°34, 54035 Nancy Cedex - France)
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Université Paris-Saclay · Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations · Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré
Affiliation as printed
AP-HP. Université Paris Saclay (France)
CESP - Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (16 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France - France)
Hôpital Raymond Poincaré [AP-HP] (104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches - France)
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, S Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Radboud University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
International Projects Management, ARTTIC, Munchen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
IMU - Innsbruck Medical University = Medizinische Universität Innsbruck (Innrain 52, Christoph-Probst-Platz, 6020 Innsbruck - Austria)
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham
Affiliation as printed
Queens Elizabeth Hospital [Birmingham] (Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham Mindelsohn Way Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2GW - United Kingdom)
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Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris
Affiliation as printed
Anesthesie-Re ´animation, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Azienda Ospedaliera Citta' della Salute e della Scienza di Torino · University of Turin
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesia & ICU, AOU Citta `della Salute e della Scienza di Torino-Orthopedic and Trauma Center, Torino, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, S Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Affiliation as printed
BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
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Affiliation as printed
Quesgen Systems Inc., Burlingame, California, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Australian & New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre,
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Mel-bourne, Victoria, Australia
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University of Pecs · Umeå University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pe ´cs, Hungary and Neurotrauma Research Group,
Department of Surgery and Perioperative Science, Umea Ůniversity, Umea ˚, Sweden
Ja ´nos Szenta ´-gothai Research Centre, University of Pe ´cs, Pe ´cs, Hungary
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Psychology, Universita ¨tsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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University of Cambridge · Addenbrooke's Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Brain Physics Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
Affiliation as printed
Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca `Granda Ospedale Mag-giore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
Affiliation as printed
Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca `Granda Ospedale Mag-giore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, S Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
ANZIC Research Centre, Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of Cruces, Bilbao, Spain
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico · Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda
Affiliation as printed
Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca `Granda Ospedale Mag-giore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
NeuroIntensive Care, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda
Affiliation as printed
NeuroIntensive Care, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Erasmus MC · Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo · University of Milano-Bicocca
Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center-
NeuroIntensive Care, ASST di Monza, Monza, Italy
School of Medicine and Surgery, Universita `Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Aa-chen, Aachen, Germany
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University of Cambridge · Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesia & Neurointensive Care, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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The Alfred Hospital · Monash University
Affiliation as printed
School of Public Health & PM, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
Affiliation as printed
Radiology/MRI department, MRC Cognition and Brain Sci-ences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Universitätsmedizin Göttingen · University of Göttingen
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Universita ¨tsmedizin Go ¨ttingen, Go ¨ttingen, Germany
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Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust
Affiliation as printed
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pe ´cs, Hungary and Neurotrauma Research Group,
Ja ´nos Szenta ´-gothai Research Centre, University of Pe ´cs, Pe ´cs, Hungary
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University of Cambridge · Addenbrooke's Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Brain Physics Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers
Affiliation as printed
Intensive Care Unit, CHU Poitiers, Potiers, France
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris
Affiliation as printed
Anesthesie-Re ´animation, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Radboud University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Affiliation as printed
Australian & New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre,
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Mel-bourne, Victoria, Australia
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris · Monash University
Affiliation as printed
ANZIC Research Centre, Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Anesthesie-Re ´animation, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center-
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosciences Centre & JPN Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center-
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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Oslo University Hospital · Innsbruck Medical University · Universität Innsbruck
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
-
Affiliation as printed
Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center-
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
-
University of Cambridge · Addenbrooke's Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neu-rosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
-
University Medical Center Groningen · University of Groningen
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, Uni-versity Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Affiliation as printed
Neurointensive Care, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
-
Affiliation as printed
Quesgen Systems Inc., Burlingame, California, USA
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
-
Oslo University Hospital · University Hospital of North Norway · University of Oslo · Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Nancy · Medical University of Vienna
Affiliation as printed
Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uni-versity Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
the CENTER-TBI Collaborators
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University of Cambridge · Erasmus MC · Addenbrooke's Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Intensive Care and Department of Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neu-rosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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