Event reconstruction for KM3NeT/ORCA using convolutional neural networks

Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 15, pp. P10005

Abstract

The KM3NeT research infrastructure is currently under construction at two locations in the Mediterranean Sea. The KM3NeT/ORCA water-Cherenkov neutrino detector off the French coast will instrument several megatons of seawater with photosensors. Its main objective is the determination of the neutrino mass ordering. This work aims at demonstrating the general applicability of deep convolutional neural networks to neutrino telescopes, using simulated datasets for the KM3NeT/ORCA detector as an example. To this end, the networks are employed to achieve reconstruction and classification tasks that constitute an alternative to the analysis pipeline presented for KM3NeT/ORCA in the KM3NeT Letter of Intent. They are used to infer event reconstruction estimates for the energy, the direction, and the interaction point of incident neutrinos. The spatial distribution of Cherenkov light generated by charged particles induced in neutrino interactions is classified as shower- or track-like, and the main background processes associated with the detection of atmospheric neutrinos are recognized. Performance comparisons to machine-learning classification and maximum-likelihood reconstruction algorithms previously developed for KM3NeT/ORCA are provided. It is shown that this application of deep convolutional neural networks to simulated datasets for a large-volume neutrino telescope yields competitive reconstruction results and performance improvements with respect to classical approaches.

Authors 99

1. S. Aiello

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN, Sezione di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95123 Italy

2. Andrea Albert

   Université de Haute-Alsace · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg

   Affiliation as printed

   IN2P3, IPHC, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg, 67037 France

   Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, GRPHE, 34, Rue du Grillenbreit, Colmar, 68008 France

3. S. Alves Garre

   Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

   Affiliation as printed

   IFIC - Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC - Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain

4. Z. Aly

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

   Affiliation as printed

   Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

5. F. Ameli

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185 Italy

6. Michel L. Andre

   Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

   Affiliation as printed

   Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Avda. Rambla Exposició, s/n, Vilanova i la Geltrú, 08800 Spain

7. Giorgos Androulakis

   National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" · Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, 15310 Greece

8. Marco Anghinolfi

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, 16146 Italy

9. M. Anguita

   Universidad de Granada

   Affiliation as printed

   University of Granada, Dept. of Computer Architecture and Technology/CITIC, 18071 Granada, Spain

10. G. Anton

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

11. M. Ardid

    Universitat Politècnica de València

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, C/ Paranimf, 1, Gandia, 46730 Spain

12. J. Aublin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

13. Christos Bagatelas

    National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" · Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, 15310 Greece

14. G. C. Barbarino

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126 Italy

    Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Dip. Scienze Fisiche “E. Pancini”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126 Italy

    Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dip. Scienze Fisiche "E. Pancini", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126 Italy

15. B. Baret

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

16. Suzan Basegmez du Pree

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB Netherlands

17. M. Bendahman

    Mohammed V University

    Affiliation as printed

    University Mohammed V in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000 Rabat, Morocco

18. Edward Berbee

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB Netherlands

19. A. M. van den Berg

    University of Groningen

    Affiliation as printed

    KVI-CART University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

20. Vincent Bertin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

21. S. Biagi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123 Italy

22. A. Biagioni

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185 Italy

23. M. Bissinger

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

24. M. Böttcher

    North-West University

    Affiliation as printed

    North-West University, Centre for Space Research, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa

25. Jihad Boumaaza

    Mohammed V University

    Affiliation as printed

    University Mohammed V in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000 Rabat, Morocco

26. Mohammed Bouta

    Mohamed I University

    Affiliation as printed

    University Mohammed I, Faculty of Sciences, BV Mohammed VI, B.P. 717, R.P. 60000 Oujda, Morocco

27. M.C. Bouwhuis

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB Netherlands

28. C. Bozza

    University of Salerno · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Salerno e INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Dipartimento di Matematica, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084 Italy

29. Horea Branzas

    Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary

    Affiliation as printed

    ISS, Atomistilor 409, Măgurele, RO-077125 Romania

30. R. Bruijn

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Institute of Physics · Institute for High Energy Physics · University of Amsterdam

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    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB Netherlands

    University of Amsterdam, Institute of Physics/IHEF, PO Box 94216, Amsterdam, 1090 GE Netherlands

31. Jürgen Brunner

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

32. Ernst J. Buis

    Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

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    TNO, Technical Sciences, PO Box 155, Delft, 2600 AD Netherlands

33. R. Buompane

    University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126 Italy

    Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, viale Lincoln 5, Caserta, 81100 Italy

    Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, viale Lincoln 5, Caserta, 81100 Italy

34. J. Busto

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

35. B. Caiffi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, 16146 Italy

36. David C. Calvo

    Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

    Affiliation as printed

    IFIC - Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC - Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain

37. A. Capone

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185 Italy

    Università La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185 Italy

38. V. Carretero

    Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

    Affiliation as printed

    IFIC - Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC - Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain

39. Paolo Castaldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127 Italy

40. S. Celli

    Gran Sasso Science Institute · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    Gran Sasso Science Institute, GSSI, Viale Francesco Crispi 7, L'Aquila, 67100 Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185 Italy

    Università La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185 Italy

41. M. Chabab

    Cadi Ayyad University

    Affiliation as printed

    Cadi Ayyad University, Physics Department, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Av. My Abdellah, P.O.B. 2390, Marrakech, 40000 Morocco

42. Thien Nhan Chau

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

43. Andrew W Chen

    University of the Witwatersrand

    Affiliation as printed

    University of the Witwatersrand, School of Physics, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, Wits 2050 South Africa

44. S. Cherubini

    University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123 Italy

    Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95123 Italy

45. V. Chiarella

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, LNF, Via Enrico Fermi, 40, Frascati, 00044 Italy

46. T. Chiarusi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127 Italy

47. M. Circella

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy

48. Rosanna Cocimano

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123 Italy

49. J. A. B. Coelho

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

50. A. Coleiro

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

51. Marta Colomer Molla

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Universitat de València · Université Paris Cité · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

    Affiliation as printed

    IFIC - Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC - Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain

    Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

52. R. Coniglione

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123 Italy

53. Paschal Coyle

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

54. A. Creusot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

55. G. Cuttone

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123 Italy

56. Antonio D’Onofrio

    University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126 Italy

    Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, viale Lincoln 5, Caserta, 81100 Italy

    Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, viale Lincoln 5, Caserta, 81100 Italy

57. R. Dallier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Nantes · Nantes Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Subatech, IMT Atlantique, IN2P3-CNRS, Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler - La Chantrerie, Nantes, BP 20722 44307 France

58. M. De Palma

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · University of Bari Aldo Moro

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy

    University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy

59. I. Di Palma

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185 Italy

    Università La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185 Italy

60. Antonio Francisco Díaz

    Universidad de Granada

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Granada, Dept. of Computer Architecture and Technology/CITIC, 18071 Granada, Spain

61. Didac Diego-Tortosa

    Universitat Politècnica de València

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, C/ Paranimf, 1, Gandia, 46730 Spain

62. Carla Distefano

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

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    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123 Italy

63. Alba Domi

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · University of Genoa

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

    INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, 16146 Italy

    Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, 16146 Italy

64. Roberto Donà

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127 Italy

    Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127 Italy

65. C. Donzaud

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

66. D. Dornic

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

67. Manuel Dörr

    University of Würzburg

    Affiliation as printed

    University Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 31, Würzburg, 97074 Germany

68. D. Drouhin

    Université de Haute-Alsace · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    IN2P3, IPHC, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg, 67037 France

    Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, GRPHE, 34, Rue du Grillenbreit, Colmar, 68008 France

69. T. Eberl

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

70. A. Eddyamoui

    Mohammed V University

    Affiliation as printed

    University Mohammed V in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000 Rabat, Morocco

71. Thijs van Eeden

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

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    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB Netherlands

72. D. van Eijk

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB Netherlands

73. I. El Bojaddaini

    Mohamed I University

    Affiliation as printed

    University Mohammed I, Faculty of Sciences, BV Mohammed VI, B.P. 717, R.P. 60000 Oujda, Morocco

74. D. Elsäesser

    University of Würzburg

    Affiliation as printed

    University Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 31, Würzburg, 97074 Germany

75. A. Enzenhöfer

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

76. Víctor Espinosa Roselló

    Universitat Politècnica de València

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    Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, C/ Paranimf, 1, Gandia, 46730 Spain

77. P. Fermani

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185 Italy

    Università La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, 00185 Italy

78. Giovanna Ferrara

    University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123 Italy

    Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95123 Italy

79. Miroslav D Filipović

    Western Sydney University

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    Western Sydney University, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia

80. F. Filippini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127 Italy

    Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, Bologna, 40127 Italy

81. L. Fusco

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

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    Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

82. Omar Gabella

    Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier

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    Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier), Place Eugène Bataillon - CC 72, Montpellier Cédex 05, 34095 France

83. T. Gal

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

84. Fabio Garufi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126 Italy

    Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Dip. Scienze Fisiche “E. Pancini”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126 Italy

    Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dip. Scienze Fisiche "E. Pancini", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126 Italy

85. Y. Gatelet

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

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    Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

86. N. Geißelbrecht

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

87. L. Gialanella

    University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, Napoli, 80126 Italy

    Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, viale Lincoln 5, Caserta, 81100 Italy

    Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, viale Lincoln 5, Caserta, 81100 Italy

88. E. Giorgio

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, Catania, 95123 Italy

89. Sara Rebecca Gozzini

    Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

    Affiliation as printed

    IFIC - Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC - Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain

90. Rodrigo Gracia

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB Netherlands

91. K. Graf

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

92. Dario Grasso

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, Pisa, 56127 Italy

93. Giuseppe Grella

    University of Salerno · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno

    Affiliation as printed

    Università di Salerno e INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Dipartimento di Fisica, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084 Italy

94. Daniel Guderian

    University of Münster

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, Münster, 48149 Germany

95. C. Guidi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, 16146 Italy

    Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, 16146 Italy

96. S. Hallmann

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

97. Hassane Hamdaoui

    Mohammed V University

    Affiliation as printed

    University Mohammed V in Rabat, Faculty of Sciences, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000 Rabat, Morocco

98. Hans van Haren

    Utrecht University · Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research

    Affiliation as printed

    NIOZ (Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research) and Utrecht University, PO Box 59, Den Burg, Texel, 1790 AB, the Netherlands

99. A. Heijboer

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, Amsterdam, 1009 DB Netherlands