Site-selection criteria for the Einstein Telescope

Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 91, pp. 094504

Abstract

The Einstein Telescope (ET) is a proposed next-generation, underground gravitational-wave detector to be based in Europe. It will provide about an order of magnitude sensitivity increase with respect to the currently operating detectors and, also extend the observation band targeting frequencies as low as 3 Hz. One of the first decisions that needs to be made is about the future ET site following an in-depth site characterization. Site evaluation and selection is a complicated process, which takes into account science, financial, political, and socio-economic criteria. In this paper, we provide an overview of the site-selection criteria for ET, provide a formalism to evaluate the direct impact of environmental noise on ET sensitivity, and outline the necessary elements of a site-characterization campaign.

Authors 32

1. Florian Amann Aachen Chair of Engineering Geology

   RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Chair of Engineering Geology, RWTH Aachen 1 , 52056 Aachen, Germany

2. Fabio Bonsignorio
   Affiliation as printed

   Heron Robots Srl 2 , I-16121 Genova, Italy

3. T. Bulik

   University of Warsaw

   Affiliation as printed

   Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University 3 , 00-478 Warsaw, Poland

4. Henk Jan Bulten

   National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

   Affiliation as printed

   Nikhef 4 , Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

   VU University Amsterdam 5 , 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

5. Stefano Cuccuru

   University of Sassari · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari 6 , 07100 Sassari, Italy

   INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud 7 , 95125 Catania, Italy

6. Alain Dassargues

   University of Liège

   Affiliation as printed

   Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Urban and Environmental Engineering (UEE), University of Liège 8 , 4000 Liège, Belgium

7. R. DeSalvo

   University of Sannio

   Affiliation as printed

   Riclab LLC 9 , 1650 Casa Grande Street, Pasadena, California 91104, USA

   University of Sannio at Benevento 10 , Benevento I-82100, Italy

8. E. Fenyvesi

   University of Debrecen · HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research · Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics · HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Doctoral School of Physics, University of Debrecen 13 , H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary

   Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki) 12 , H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary

   Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics 11 , H-1121 Budapest, Hungary

9. Francesco Fidecaro

   University of Pisa · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN 15 , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

   Università di Pisa 14 , I-56127 Pisa, Italy

10. Irene Fiori

    European Gravitational Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    European Gravitational Observatory (EGO) 16 , I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy

11. Carlo Giunchi

    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia · INGV Sezione di Pisa

    Affiliation as printed

    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) 17 , Sezione di Pisa, 56125 Pisa, Italy

12. A. Grado

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte 18 , I-80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo 19 , I-80126 Napoli, Italy

13. J. Harms corresponding

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · Gran Sasso Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI) 20 , I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso 21 , I-67100 Assergi, Italy

14. S. Koley

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef 4 , Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands

15. László Kovács
    Affiliation as printed

    RockStudy Ltd. 22 , H-7633 Pécs, Hungary

16. Giovanni Losurdo

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN 15 , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

17. V. Mandic

    University of Minnesota

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Minnesota 23 , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA

18. P. M. Meyers

    The University of Melbourne · ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery

    Affiliation as printed

    OzGrav, University of Melbourne 24 , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

19. Luca Naticchioni

    Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Roma 26 , I-00185 Roma, Italy

    Università di Roma “La Sapienza” 25 , I-00185 Roma, Italy

20. Frédéric Nguyen

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Applied Geophysics, Urban and Environmental Engineering (UEE), University of Liège 27 , 4000 Liège, Belgium

21. Giacomo Oggiano

    University of Sassari · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari 6 , 07100 Sassari, Italy

    INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud 7 , 95125 Catania, Italy

22. Marco Olivieri

    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia · INGV Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Bologna 28 , 40128 Bologna, Italy

23. Federico Paoletti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN 15 , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

24. Andrea Paoli

    European Gravitational Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    European Gravitational Observatory (EGO) 16 , I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy

25. W. Plastino

    Roma Tre University · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre 29 , I-00146 Roma, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre 30 , I-00146 Roma, Italy

26. M. Razzano

    University of Pisa · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN 15 , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

    Università di Pisa 14 , I-56127 Pisa, Italy

27. Paolo Ruggi

    European Gravitational Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    European Gravitational Observatory (EGO) 16 , I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy

28. Gilberto Saccorotti

    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia · INGV Sezione di Pisa

    Affiliation as printed

    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) 17 , Sezione di Pisa, 56125 Pisa, Italy

29. A. M. Sintes

    Universitat de les Illes Balears

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC 31 , E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain

30. László Somlai

    Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics · HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics · University of Pecs

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs 32 , Ifjúság Str. 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary

    Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics 11 , H-1121 Budapest, Hungary

31. P. Ván

    Budapest University of Technology and Economics · Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics · HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics 33 , H-1111 Budapest, Hungary

    Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics 11 , H-1121 Budapest, Hungary

32. M. Vasúth

    Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics · HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics 11 , H-1121 Budapest, Hungary