The Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS)
Medical Image Analysis, vol. 84, pp. 102680
Abstract
In this work, we report the set-up and results of the Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS), which was organized in conjunction with the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) 2017 and the International Conferences on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) 2017 and 2018. The image dataset is diverse and contains primary and secondary tumors with varied sizes and appearances with various lesion-to-background levels (hyper-/hypo-dense), created in collaboration with seven hospitals and research institutions. Seventy-five submitted liver and liver tumor segmentation algorithms were trained on a set of 131 computed tomography (CT) volumes and were tested on 70 unseen test images acquired from different patients. We found that not a single algorithm performed best for both liver and liver tumors in the three events. The best liver segmentation algorithm achieved a Dice score of 0.963, whereas, for tumor segmentation, the best algorithms achieved Dices scores of 0.674 (ISBI 2017), 0.702 (MICCAI 2017), and 0.739 (MICCAI 2018). Retrospectively, we performed additional analysis on liver tumor detection and revealed that not all top-performing segmentation algorithms worked well for tumor detection. The best liver tumor detection method achieved a lesion-wise recall of 0.458 (ISBI 2017), 0.515 (MICCAI 2017), and 0.554 (MICCAI 2018), indicating the need for further research. LiTS remains an active benchmark and resource for research, e.g., contributing the liver-related segmentation tasks in http://medicaldecathlon.com/. In addition, both data and online evaluation are accessible via https://competitions.codalab.org/competitions/17094.
Authors 98
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Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Hongwei Li corresponding
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies · University of Zurich · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Computer Science, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: hongwei.li@tum.de
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Affiliation as printed
Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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TUM Klinikum · Imperial College London · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Institute for AI in Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Institute for AI in Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Affiliation as printed
School of Computer Science and Engineering, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Radboud University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Radboud University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
The University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM) Montréal, Québec, Canada
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TUM Klinikum · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Munich, Germany; Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Munich, Germany
Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l’Appareil Digestif
Affiliation as printed
Department of Surgical Data Science, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), France
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Affiliation as printed
Polytechnique Montréal, Mila, QC, Canada
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Tel Aviv University · Sheba Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv university, Israel
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Rafael Advanced Defense Systems (Israel)
Affiliation as printed
Rafael Advanced Defense System, Israel
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Rafael Advanced Defense Systems (Israel) · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Rafael Advanced Defense System, Israel
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University of Zurich · Technical University of Munich · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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TUM Klinikum · ETH Zurich · Technical University of Munich · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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TUM Klinikum · Helmholtz Munich · Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie · Technical University of Munich · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute for diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technical University of Munich, Germany; Helmholtz AI, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
Institute for diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Helmholtz Munich · LMU Klinikum · Imperial College London · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Chinese University of Hong Kong · Technical University of Munich · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
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Radboud University Medical Center · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University · ETH Zurich
Affiliation as printed
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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ETH Zurich · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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Helmholtz Munich · Technical University of Munich · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Helmholtz AI, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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TUM Klinikum · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Institute for diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technical University of Munich, Germany
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TUM Klinikum · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Institute for diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital · Nanjing University · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
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ETH Zurich · Technical University of Munich · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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Technical University of Munich · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
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Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King s College London, London, UK
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Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · LMU Klinikum · Kakao Brain (South Korea) · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Kakao Brain, Republic of Korea
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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Barcelona Supercomputing Center
Affiliation as printed
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
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Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
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Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China
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Radboud University Nijmegen · Radboud University Medical Center · Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine
Affiliation as printed
Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany; Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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University of Copenhagen · Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China
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Chinese University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chinese University of Hong Kong · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
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Siemens Healthcare (United States)
Affiliation as printed
Siemens Healthineers, USA
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Heidelberg University · University of Tübingen · Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Affiliation as printed
Signal Theory and Communications Department, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain
Signal Theory and Communications Department, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Catalonia/Spain
at Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Catalonia/Spain
au University of Tuebingen, Germany
av Mannheim Institute for Intelligent Systems in Medicine, department of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University aw Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University
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LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · Technische Universität Braunschweig
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Control Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of computer science, UNC Chapel Hill, USA
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
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Chinese University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Heidelberg University · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Mannheim Institute for Intelligent Systems in Medicine, department of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Germany; Central Institute for Computer Engineering (ZITI), Heidelberg University, Germany
Central Institute for Computer Engineering (ZITI), Heidelberg University ay Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich ,Germany
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Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine
Affiliation as printed
Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
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University of Copenhagen · The University of Sydney · Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine
Affiliation as printed
Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
School of Computer Science, the University of Sydney bj Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
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German Cancer Research Center · TUM Klinikum · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Helmholtz Imaging, Germany
Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Helmholtz Imaging, Germany
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Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
Affiliation as printed
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Affiliation as printed
Medical Imaging and Reconstruction Lab, Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
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Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Affiliation as printed
Medical Imaging and Reconstruction Lab, Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
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LMU Klinikum · Kakao Brain (South Korea) · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Kakao Brain, Republic of Korea
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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Samsung Medical Center · Sungkyunkwan University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, South Korea
Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
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Affiliation as printed
Kakao Brain, Republic of Korea
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Germany
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Indian Institute of Technology Madras · Barcelona Supercomputing Center · KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Medical Imaging and Reconstruction Lab, Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
aq Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
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Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Affiliation as printed
Medical Imaging and Reconstruction Lab, Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China
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LMU Klinikum · Sensetime (China) · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Sensetime, Shanghai, China
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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Hongchao Li corresponding
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies · University of Zurich · LMU Klinikum · Technical University of Munich · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Computer Science, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: hongwei.li@tum.de
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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LMU Klinikum · Philips (China) · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Philips Research China, Philips China Innovation Campus, Shanghai, China
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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University of California, Irvine
Affiliation as printed
Departments of Mathematics, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, USA
Departments of Mathematics, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Tel Aviv University · Sheba Medical Center · Nanjing University of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv university, Israel
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German Cancer Research Center · Heidelberg University · University Hospital Heidelberg
Affiliation as printed
Pattern Analysis and Learning Group, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Helmholtz Imaging, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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University of Bremen · Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine
Affiliation as printed
Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany; Medical Image Computing Group, FB3, University of Bremen, Germany
Medical Image Computing Group, FB3, University of Bremen, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Imaging & Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · Helmholtz Munich
Affiliation as printed
School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
be Helmholtz AI, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Imaging & Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
University of Tuebingen, Germany
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TUM Klinikum · LMU Klinikum · Technical University of Munich · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Medizinische Hochschule Hannover · Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine
Affiliation as printed
Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany; Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Affiliation as printed
Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Siemens Healthineers, USA
Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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Barcelona Supercomputing Center · Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Affiliation as printed
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain
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TUM Klinikum · Technical University of Munich · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Imaging & Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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LMU Klinikum · Tencent Healthcare (China) · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Tencent Healthcare (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, China
Department of Hematology/Oncology & Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, LMU Klinikum Munich, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University, China
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Chinese University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Munich, Germany
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Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Affiliation as printed
CGG Services (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., Singapore
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Chinese University of Hong Kong
Affiliation as printed
Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Affiliation as printed
School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Rafael Advanced Defense Systems (Israel) · Hadassah Medical Center · University of Pennsylvania
Affiliation as printed
Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Rafael Advanced Defense System, Israel al Department of Radiology,
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TUM Klinikum · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany; Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Munich, Germany
Cited by 1,249 stored of 1,254
Cited by patents worldwide 8 (Lens.org)
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